導言：作為寫(xie)作愛好(hao)者，不可錯過為您精心(xin)挑選的(de)(de)10篇公共生活的(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)特征，它們將(jiang)為您的(de)(de)寫(xie)作提供全新的(de)(de)視角，我們衷(zhong)心(xin)期待(dai)您的(de)(de)閱讀(du)，并(bing)希望這些內容(rong)能為您提供靈感(gan)和參考。

篇1

一切學校教育活動都要按照一定規范和原則有序地開展。“育紅人”經過理論與實踐上的深入思考，提出了建構學校公共生活教育原型，這有利于(yu)公民(min)教育的有效實施。

（一）學(xue)校公共(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)內涵與特性

當代哲學為公共生活的研究提出了明確的理論指導。著名思想家漢娜?阿倫特指出：公共生活是一種自由的、平等的、理性的、非暴力的生活。而在另一位著名哲學家于爾根?哈貝馬斯看來，公共生活具有“公共性+契約性+商談性”等基本特性。從中可以看出，公共生活是一種以普遍性的公共倫理為基礎，以“自由”“平等”“理性”等規范為前提開展的溝通、交往等實踐活動。具體來(lai)說，公共生活(huo)作為(wei)一種特殊的生活(huo)方式，它包含三方面的基本特性(xing)：

（1）公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)是以(yi)帶(dai)有共(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，可(ke)推(tui)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)、普遍化的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)倫理(li)(li)為基礎的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)實(shi)踐。而(er)個體的(de)(de)(de)(de)私己生(sheng)活(huo)“不能產生(sheng)可(ke)以(yi)推(tui)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)往關(guan)系”。因此，在公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)中，人(ren)(ren)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)往不能遵循(xun)(xun)私己性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)際倫理(li)(li)，而(er)要遵循(xun)(xun)具有普遍性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)倫理(li)(li)，即(ji)平等對待公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)往對象。

（2）公共生活是以公民的公共交往為基本特征的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)實踐。公(gong)民的(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)交往并(bing)不是(shi)(shi)簡單的(de)(de)人(ren)與(yu)人(ren)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)交互(hu)活(huo)動(dong)，更主(zhu)要的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)公(gong)民與(yu)公(gong)民之間(jian)(jian)就公(gong)共(gong)事(shi)務和公(gong)共(gong)問(wen)題(ti)而展開的(de)(de)“協(xie)商對話”，而這些交流與(yu)溝通追(zhui)求的(de)(de)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)公(gong)共(gong)利(li)益以及公(gong)共(gong)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)解決。公(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)是(shi)(shi)受法理(li)規(gui)范(fan)所保障的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)。

（3）公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)生活(huo)應以法理(li)規范為(wei)準繩，同時受到法理(li)規范的(de)(de)保護，公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)生活(huo)的(de)(de)交往雙方都不得逾越(yue)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)法律(lv)和規范的(de)(de)制(zhi)約，在法理(li)規范的(de)(de)認(ren)可(ke)范圍之內(nei)展開交往實踐活(huo)動。因此，公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)生活(huo)不僅體(ti)現著(zhu)公(gong)(gong)民之間的(de)(de)民主平等性(xing)、主體(ti)性(xing)和協商性(xing)等特征，同時也深刻(ke)地體(ti)現著(zhu)法理(li)性(xing)、規范性(xing)和契約性(xing)。

在學(xue)校(xiao)公共(gong)生(sheng)活中，學(xue)生(sheng)也(ye)應該在遵循一定“法(fa)理”“公約(yue)”的基礎上(shang)充分展示自(zi)己的內心世界，與其(qi)他(ta)同學(xue)進行(xing)自(zi)由(you)、平(ping)等(deng)的對話(hua)、協(xie)商(shang)，并(bing)可以就(jiu)公共(gong)問(wen)題(ti)或公共(gong)事務無(wu)障(zhang)礙地發表自(zi)己的觀(guan)點和(he)見(jian)解(jie)，以尋求其(qi)他(ta)同學(xue)的協(xie)商(shang)共(gong)識，促進公共(gong)問(wen)題(ti)或公共(gong)事務的解(jie)決，即學(xue)校(xiao)公共(gong)生(sheng)活具(ju)有制度性(xing)、參與性(xing)、平(ping)等(deng)性(xing)、協(xie)商(shang)性(xing)等(deng)特性(xing)。

（二）學校公共(gong)生活教育原型的建構

學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)共生(sheng)活(huo)不僅為學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)民(min)教(jiao)育(yu)提供了生(sheng)活(huo)實踐的基礎(chu)，同(tong)時(shi)還為學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)民(min)教(jiao)育(yu)提供了理論基礎(chu)。因此，學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)共生(sheng)活(huo)教(jiao)育(yu)原型建構要(yao)遵循學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)共生(sheng)活(huo)的內涵與特性(xing)，才能有效培(pei)育(yu)公(gong)民(min)素養。

“育(yu)(yu)紅人”在總結本校開展公(gong)民教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)歷史(shi)經(jing)驗的基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)，對學(xue)校公(gong)共生(sheng)(sheng)活與公(gong)民素養養成(cheng)的關系等問題進行理(li)性梳理(li)，在此基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)，架(jia)構(gou)基(ji)本理(li)論假說，建構(gou)了學(xue)校公(gong)共生(sheng)(sheng)活教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)原型(xing)（如右圖(tu)）。

從圖中(zhong)可見，學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)個(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)實(shi)踐的(de)場域，以“小公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)實(shi)踐活(huo)(huo)(huo)動(dong)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)依(yi)托，以公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)物(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)介，以“對話”“協商(shang)”等(deng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交往為(wei)(wei)(wei)手段，以學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)制度即公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)倫理為(wei)(wei)(wei)調節，以公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)性的(de)形成(cheng)―公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)素養的(de)養成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)核心目(mu)的(de)。其中(zhong)，小公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)實(shi)踐活(huo)(huo)(huo)動(dong)是(shi)我校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)建(jian)構學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)基(ji)礎；主動(dong)參與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)務、嚴(yan)格遵守(shou)制度公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)約、積極進(jin)行平等(deng)對話、輕松學(xue)(xue)會溝通(tong)協商(shang)都是(shi)在此基(ji)礎上衍(yan)生出來的(de)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)實(shi)現(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)素養養成(cheng)目(mu)標建(jian)立了(le)具體實(shi)施方(fang)向。該(gai)理論原型的(de)建(jian)立，集中(zhong)展(zhan)現(xian)了(le)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)素養養成(cheng)的(de)核心要義，它的(de)確(que)立為(wei)(wei)(wei)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)內外(wai)各項公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)實(shi)踐活(huo)(huo)(huo)動(dong)提(ti)供了(le)堅(jian)實(shi)的(de)依(yi)據。

二、學校公(gong)共(gong)生活教(jiao)育實踐探索

學(xue)校公(gong)(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)建構，需要(yao)切實(shi)(shi)地引導(dao)學(xue)生(sheng)參與公(gong)(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐。學(xue)校公(gong)(gong)民教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)在培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)生(sheng)公(gong)(gong)民品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)，可以(yi)以(yi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)作為一種重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)途徑和實(shi)(shi)踐策略，在公(gong)(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)實(shi)(shi)現學(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)民品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)。

（一）校內公共(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)實踐(jian)

1.校內民主生活

（1）“規(gui)定”變(bian)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)約(yue)(yue)”。我校為讓(rang)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)養成規(gui)則(ze)意(yi)識，更好地發揮規(gui)則(ze)的(de)價值，根據公(gong)(gong)(gong)共生(sheng)(sheng)活價值理(li)念(nian)要(yao)求，我們變(bian)“規(gui)定”為“公(gong)(gong)(gong)約(yue)(yue)”，讓(rang)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)自己來討論(lun)制訂班級各項生(sheng)(sheng)活規(gui)則(ze)，如學(xue)習公(gong)(gong)(gong)約(yue)(yue)、衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)約(yue)(yue)、互助(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)約(yue)(yue)等。高年級班主任教師還在班級公(gong)(gong)(gong)共生(sheng)(sheng)活中進(jin)行“說(shuo)理(li)”教育(yu)實踐(jian)活動，引導學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)提出班級問題議(yi)案，交由班級成立(li)的(de)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)代表(biao)團審議(yi)，審議(yi)通過后(hou)提請(qing)全班同學(xue)進(jin)行評(ping)議(yi)表(biao)決與說(shuo)理(li)，從而逐步提升學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)民素養。

（2）“被動(dong)”變(bian)“主(zhu)動(dong)”。學校發(fa)出“讓學生自己(ji)行動(dong)起來”的口號(hao)，并凝練成了班級(ji)自治管理(li)策略之“八字訣”：信任、溝(gou)通、點撥、欣賞。公共價(jia)值理(li)念(nian)使(shi)班主(zhu)任從顯性的管理(li)者轉變(bian)為“隱形(xing)的思想圓心(xin)”，讓學生由(you)被動(dong)的服從者發(fa)展為“協(xie)作(zuo)的同心(xin)圓”。

（3）“個(ge)體(ti)”變“團體(ti)”。學校鼓(gu)勵(li)班(ban)(ban)主任教師在班(ban)(ban)級(ji)公共生活中開展(zhan)“三人行”自治(zhi)與互助協(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)組(zu)活動(dong)，旨在創設自治(zhi)的機(ji)會和(he)互助的氛圍(wei)，增(zeng)強(qiang)學生民主參與公共生活的能(neng)力。有些(xie)班(ban)(ban)級(ji)還建(jian)立(li)了班(ban)(ban)級(ji)學習自治(zhi)組(zu)織，如“方法(fa)策略組(zu)”“幫扶協(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)組(zu)”“群力攻(gong)關組(zu)”……“學生教學生，學生幫學生”成為一種常態，學生們在團隊合作(zuo)(zuo)中體(ti)驗(yan)合作(zuo)(zuo)共享、共同(tong)進步(bu)的樂(le)趣。

（4）“管(guan)理”變“評(ping)(ping)理”。當前很多(duo)學(xue)校的(de)課(ke)堂(tang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)都是(shi)管(guan)理者自上而下的(de)單向評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)，而我校不僅對課(ke)堂(tang)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)表進行了重構，更關(guan)鍵(jian)的(de)是(shi)實現了評(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)主體(ti)多(duo)元，讓學(xue)生擁有發言權(quan)，讓學(xue)生成為課(ke)堂(tang)教學(xue)的(de)評(ping)(ping)議方之(zhi)一。

2.校內社團活動

（1）“我(wo)(wo)來(lai)”。“育紅人”鼓勵學生(sheng)積(ji)極(ji)投身(shen)于每(mei)一個公共生(sheng)活(huo)時空(kong)，成(cheng)為活(huo)動的主角(jiao)，真正做到“我(wo)(wo)的地盤我(wo)(wo)做主”。例(li)如，“我(wo)(wo)來(lai)學做小編(bian)輯(ji)”―育紅有一份創辦自上(shang)世(shi)紀的校報―《心之橋(qiao)》，學生(sheng)編(bian)輯(ji)成(cheng)為生(sheng)力軍，他(ta)們廣泛征(zheng)集各方意(yi)見與(yu)建議，分(fen)工校對校報小樣(yang)，讓更多的學生(sheng)參與(yu)到校報創辦工作，不斷積(ji)累(lei)實踐(jian)經驗。

（2）“我們來”。“我們來”是學生(sheng)積極參與(yu)公(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)象征與(yu)標志性口號。例如(ru)，“我們來學做管理員”―紫(zi)藤書(shu)(shu)社(she)曾被陶行知先生(sheng)贊(zan)為(wei)“看到的(de)(de)最好(hao)的(de)(de)圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)館”，在紫(zi)藤書(shu)(shu)社(she)，學生(sheng)們自(zi)由參與(yu)社(she)長、社(she)員的(de)(de)競(jing)選，自(zi)主設計環境布置方案，積極進(jin)行圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)借閱、宣傳與(yu)推薦。

此外，還有“紅(hong)領(ling)巾廣播(bo)臺”里學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)播(bo)音員、大型活(huo)動節目(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)持(chi)人實行(xing)的(de)公開招聘；校(xiao)園(yuan)各處提供公共服務的(de)“小紅(hong)帽”志愿者；每(mei)周“走班社團”時的(de)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)理、自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)學(xue)(xue)習……“我(wo)的(de)地(di)盤我(wo)做主(zhu)(zhu)”已(yi)經成為育紅(hong)一張充滿無限活(huo)力的(de)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)文(wen)化名片。對于學(xue)(xue)生，“育紅(hong)人”盡可能地(di)放手，為學(xue)(xue)生提供公共生活(huo)中鍛煉自(zi)我(wo)的(de)舞臺。

（二）校外(wai)公共生活實踐

（1）優化公共生活資源開發渠道。“育(yu)紅(hong)人”走(zou)進(jin)基地(di)，開辟江南(nan)大學(xue)、太(tai)湖科教產業園等(deng)多(duo)個課(ke)外實踐基地(di)；“育(yu)紅(hong)人”走(zou)進(jin)歷史，利用創校先賢(xian)榮氏家族這一(yi)特色資源，開發“榮氏人文伴成長(chang)”校本課(ke)程；“育(yu)紅(hong)人”還走(zou)向(xiang)世界，加(jia)入“國際學(xue)校聯盟”，為育(yu)紅(hong)學(xue)子參(can)與更加(jia)廣(guang)泛的(de)公共生活提供了(le)機(ji)會。

（2）規(gui)范公(gong)(gong)民教(jiao)育實踐活動路徑。學校將進一步規(gui)范校外公(gong)(gong)共生活實踐活動六大步驟(zou)，具體如下：廣(guang)泛(fan)調查，確認問(wen)題(ti)投票表決，選擇(ze)問(wen)題(ti)分工協作，研究問(wen)題(ti)制(zhi)定方案(an)，解決問(wen)題(ti)模擬聽證(zheng)，聚焦問(wen)題(ti)總結反思(si)，提升能力。在(zai)此過(guo)程中(zhong)，逐步提高(gao)學生發現(xian)問(wen)題(ti)、研究問(wen)題(ti)、解決問(wen)題(ti)的能力。

篇2

王瑛心目中(zhong)的公(gong)民企業家是什么樣子的？他們對外應該遵守(shou)法律，對內應該嚴(yan)格按照現代企業制(zhi)度(du)的要求做事，講求契約(yue)精神。企業里(li)能(neng)夠有這樣一(yi)種意識(shi)，企業也就成了公(gong)民的訓練(lian)場。而(er)這是可以和參(can)與推動社會轉型結(jie)合起來的。

每(mei)次，我在微博上轉發王瑛(ying)關(guan)于公民企(qi)業家(jia)的論述，都會略作修改：把“公民企(qi)業家(jia)”改為“君子企(qi)業家(jia)”。

古人所說(shuo)的(de)(de)君子(zi)，其實包括今天大家所說(shuo)的(de)(de)公民之全(quan)部內涵，而比其更為(wei)寬泛(fan)、豐富。太多(duo)的(de)(de)人，看到古今詞匯不同，就以為(wei)那是兩個東西。其實，仔細閱讀一(yi)下中國經典所描述的(de)(de)君子(zi)之特征，尤其是君子(zi)之活動(dong)，你(ni)就會發(fa)現，君子(zi)就是公民。

什么是(shi)公民(min)？簡單地說，積極參(can)(can)與(yu)公共生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)人就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)公民(min)。《大學》說，君(jun)子修身(shen)之目的(de)在于齊(qi)家、治國、平天下，也就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)參(can)(can)與(yu)公共生(sheng)活(huo)。如此積極參(can)(can)與(yu)各(ge)個層(ceng)級公共生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)君(jun)子，不是(shi)公民(min)，又是(shi)什么？

儒家特別關注君(jun)(jun)子、小(xiao)人(ren)之(zhi)別，其(qi)實(shi)也就(jiu)是在討論私人(ren)如何成為(wei)公(gong)(gong)民(min)。小(xiao)人(ren)就(jiu)是只關心(xin)自己利益的(de)私人(ren)，公(gong)(gong)民(min)則超越(yue)這一維度，而具(ju)有公(gong)(gong)共(gong)情(qing)懷。從小(xiao)人(ren)到君(jun)(jun)子，也就(jiu)是從公(gong)(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)活的(de)漠然旁觀者(zhe)變(bian)為(wei)積極參(can)與者(zhe)。儒家士君(jun)(jun)子是最為(wei)積極的(de)公(gong)(gong)民(min)。所以，儒家的(de)君(jun)(jun)子養成之(zhi)學，其(qi)實(shi)就(jiu)是公(gong)(gong)民(min)養成之(zhi)學。參(can)與公(gong)(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)活就(jiu)是合群的(de)生(sheng)活，發起(qi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)組織，或(huo)者(zhe)參(can)與其(qi)活動。

君(jun)子(zi)(zi)可(ke)以存在(zai)于社(she)(she)會各個領域。在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)社(she)(she)會，最可(ke)能(neng)成(cheng)為(wei)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)的人，也許正是企業(ye)(ye)家(jia)(jia)。因(yin)為(wei)，企業(ye)(ye)是現(xian)代(dai)社(she)(she)會最為(wei)重要的組織形(xing)態，企業(ye)(ye)家(jia)(jia)的社(she)(she)會角色天然地要求(qiu)他們成(cheng)為(wei)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)。當然，現(xian)實中，并不是所有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)家(jia)(jia)都成(cheng)為(wei)君(jun)子(zi)(zi)，只有(you)(you)那些具有(you)(you)“仁的自覺”的企業(ye)(ye)家(jia)(jia)，才是君(jun)子(zi)(zi)。君(jun)子(zi)(zi)型企業(ye)(ye)家(jia)(jia)就是公民(min)企業(ye)(ye)家(jia)(jia)。

同樣是創辦(ban)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，完全可能出(chu)現兩種情形：一(yi)種企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)家(jia)成為小(xiao)皇上(shang)，另一(yi)種成為公民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)家(jia)。兩者的(de)區別何在(zai)？在(zai)于自(zi)覺。曾子說：“吾(wu)日三省(sheng)吾(wu)身。”君(jun)子、小(xiao)人之別就在(zai)于省(sheng)或不(bu)省(sheng)。君(jun)子愿意(yi)省(sheng)，能夠省(sheng)。因(yin)此，君(jun)子的(de)生命(ming)是自(zi)覺的(de)、理性(xing)的(de)。君(jun)子通過自(zi)省(sheng)，不(bu)斷(duan)提升自(zi)我的(de)境界(jie)。小(xiao)人不(bu)能自(zi)省(sheng)，所(suo)以不(bu)能提升，甚至下墜。儒家(jia)后來關(guan)于修身養性(xing)的(de)全部討(tao)論，其實都只是要(yao)讓人思想上(shang)自(zi)覺，然后以思想指(zhi)導行動。

有(you)了這樣的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)覺，才能(neng)成(cheng)就公(gong)民(min)-君子(zi)型企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)家(jia)。公(gong)民(min)-君子(zi)型企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)家(jia)最為基(ji)礎的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)覺，是(shi)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)皆有(you)之仁的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)覺。仁的(de)(de)(de)最基(ji)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)含義(yi)是(shi)，把他人(ren)(ren)當成(cheng)與自(zi)(zi)(zi)己相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)待(dai)，敬之愛之。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)家(jia)如果具有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)仁心，就會(hui)把員(yuan)工當成(cheng)與自(zi)(zi)(zi)己相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)待(dai)，尊重員(yuan)工的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)格和權利。員(yuan)工確實是(shi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)家(jia)雇用的(de)(de)(de)，但員(yuan)工跟企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)家(jia)終究(jiu)是(shi)從事(shi)同(tong)一(yi)個(ge)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)伙伴(ban)。公(gong)民(min)-君子(zi)型企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)家(jia)最根本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)特征在于，自(zi)(zi)(zi)覺地把自(zi)(zi)(zi)己置于與員(yuan)工的(de)(de)(de)伙伴(ban)關系(xi)中考量，正所謂“己所不欲，勿施于人(ren)(ren)”。

只有(you)當企(qi)業家有(you)了這(zhe)樣的(de)自覺，才有(you)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)建(jian)立(li)起(qi)健全有(you)效(xiao)的(de)企(qi)業制度。王瑛(ying)也討論到(dao)企(qi)業家的(de)困(kun)惑：很多人可(ke)能(neng)(neng)會說，中國的(de)公(gong)民(min)(min)社會建(jian)設尚處(chu)于起(qi)步(bu)階段(duan)，做(zuo)公(gong)民(min)(min)型企(qi)業家不切實際。企(qi)業身處(chu)不同的(de)行業，員工的(de)文化素養、習(xi)慣(guan)千差(cha)萬別，這(zhe)在(zai)一(yi)定程度上都(dou)會約束企(qi)業家的(de)追求。但(dan)是，只要企(qi)業家有(you)這(zhe)個意(yi)識，愿意(yi)把(ba)它(ta)作為(wei)一(yi)個努力的(de)方向，多堅持(chi)一(yi)下，就可(ke)能(neng)(neng)得到(dao)意(yi)外的(de)驚喜，甚(shen)至會成為(wei)企(qi)業里一(yi)種特別的(de)凝聚(ju)力。

每(mei)(mei)個企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)都存在于(yu)具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間、空間結構(gou)中，也由(you)特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)要素組(zu)合(he)而成。因(yin)此(ci)，每(mei)(mei)個企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)都不同于(yu)其(qi)它(ta)(ta)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)。就此(ci)而言，簡單(dan)地照(zhao)抄其(qi)它(ta)(ta)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du)(du)是(shi)(shi)不可(ke)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)。企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)家(jia)必須(xu)為自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)造(zao)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du)(du)，正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)些制度(du)(du)塑造(zao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)鮮活而充滿(man)個性的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命(ming)。而發現、創(chuang)造(zao)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du)(du)，需要企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度(du)(du)自(zi)覺，尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)仁的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)覺，即把員(yuan)工(gong)當成人對待，觀(guan)察其(qi)構(gou)成，探究其(qi)需求。企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)家(jia)可(ke)以把握事之常理(li)，體(ti)認(ren)人之常情(qing)，據(ju)此(ci)才(cai)可(ke)以構(gou)建出合(he)理(li)而又合(he)情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du)(du)，這(zhe)才(cai)是(shi)(shi)健全(quan)而可(ke)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du)(du)。

至關重要的(de)(de)是，生活(huo)在這種制(zhi)度下的(de)(de)員(yuan)工的(de)(de)心智是健(jian)全的(de)(de)，有可能從私人成為公(gong)(gong)民。得(de)到企業家(jia)尊重的(de)(de)員(yuan)工會把(ba)企業當成自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)家(jia)，從而關心企業的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共利益，并積極參與企業的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共生活(huo)。由此(ci)，企業就不(bu)只是企業家(jia)實現(xian)自(zi)己(ji)利益最(zui)大(da)化(hua)的(de)(de)組(zu)織，而變成了一個公(gong)(gong)共組(zu)織。

置(zhi)身(shen)于任何一個公(gong)共組織(zhi)中的(de)(de)人，都(dou)有可能成為(wei)公(gong)民。并不(bu)是(shi)只(zhi)有參(can)與國家層面(mian)的(de)(de)公(gong)共生活，才算公(gong)民。只(zhi)要參(can)與了(le)公(gong)共生活，不(bu)管在哪個層級上，都(dou)是(shi)公(gong)民。比如，積極參(can)與社區公(gong)共生活，就(jiu)是(shi)社區公(gong)民。同(tong)樣，積極參(can)與企(qi)業(ye)公(gong)共生活，也就(jiu)是(shi)企(qi)業(ye)公(gong)民。

員工在企(qi)業(ye)中(zhong)的公(gong)(gong)民(min)訓練，有助(zhu)于他參與更為廣泛的社會(hui)領(ling)域中(zhong)的公(gong)(gong)共(gong)生活。比如，一個(ge)企(qi)業(ye)公(gong)(gong)民(min)可以成為一個(ge)優(you)秀的社區公(gong)(gong)民(min)，或(huo)者(zhe)國家公(gong)(gong)民(min)。公(gong)(gong)民(min)的品質是相通的。因此，君(jun)子型(xing)企(qi)業(ye)家不(bu)僅能(neng)夠(gou)塑(su)造(zao)員工，更能(neng)塑(su)造(zao)健(jian)全(quan)的國家公(gong)(gong)民(min)。而塑(su)造(zao)了(le)公(gong)(gong)民(min)，其實(shi)也就推動了(le)社會(hui)轉型(xing)。

篇3

情境需要

德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)是(shi)高度情(qing)(qing)境化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐活(huo)動，德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐離不開具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)境。從(cong)本體(ti)論上說，道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)(yu)與人的(de)(de)(de)(de)生存本性(xing)緊(jin)密(mi)相關，人是(shi)未完(wan)成性(xing)、過程(cheng)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在，從(cong)而決定了道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行動難(nan)以適用單一、抽象的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準，道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)(yu)無法采(cai)取普遍化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)模式。德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐依賴于具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)境，需要因時因地因境呈現(xian)出差異(yi)性(xing)，并與具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、社(she)(she)會化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)境緊(jin)密(mi)結合，最終培育(yu)(yu)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智慧。從(cong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)過程(cheng)來看，作(zuo)為一項社(she)(she)會實(shi)(shi)踐活(huo)動，道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)(yu)展現(xian)于特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)、具(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會情(qing)(qing)境之中。德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)情(qing)(qing)境在為道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)(yu)提(ti)供(gong)客(ke)觀(guan)、外在的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，又對(dui)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)開展起到重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)制約作(zuo)用。

德(de)育(yu)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)是(shi)(shi)圍繞道(dao)德(de)主體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)活動而建構和(he)(he)展(zhan)現(xian)(xian)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會條(tiao)(tiao)件，以(yi)此(ci)展(zhan)現(xian)(xian)出德(de)育(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊(shu)性(xing)(xing)、差異性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)多樣性(xing)(xing)特(te)征。黑格爾說：“善(shan)作為(wei)普遍物是(shi)(shi)抽象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而作為(wei)抽象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東西就無(wu)法實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)，為(wei)了能夠實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)，善(shan)還必須得到(dao)特(te)殊(shu)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定。”[1]可見，情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)是(shi)(shi)具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、差異化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)為(wei)人們把握(wo)道(dao)德(de)教(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“特(te)殊(shu)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定”提供了外在條(tiao)(tiao)件。“實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)是(shi)(shi)具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”[2]179，“具(ju)體行(xing)為(wei)談不上(shang)有什么技藝與法則(ze)，只(zhi)能因(yin)時因(yin)地制宜”[2]38。由此(ci)，道(dao)德(de)教(jiao)育(yu)承載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值觀念將在具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)中逐步現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)化、具(ju)體化、生活化。德(de)育(yu)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)多樣性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會規定性(xing)(xing)賦予德(de)育(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)以(yi)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)品(pin)格，德(de)育(yu)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)為(wei)德(de)育(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)展(zhan)提供了場(chang)域，創(chuang)設德(de)育(yu)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)(jing)(jing)也由此(ci)成(cheng)為(wei)德(de)育(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要方式。

現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)公民(min)品德培育(yu)(yu)是(shi)學校公民(min)教育(yu)(yu)與(yu)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)德育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)基本任務。伴隨社(she)會(hui)(hui)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)深入推進以及社(she)會(hui)(hui)公共生活的(de)(de)(de)日漸成熟，如何(he)培育(yu)(yu)公民(min)在現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)政治生活與(yu)公共生活應該具有的(de)(de)(de)合作性(xing)、互惠性(xing)道德品質(zhi)將成為當前德育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)使命。作為德育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)當代(dai)(dai)(dai)表現(xian)(xian)形式，現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)公民(min)品德的(de)(de)(de)培育(yu)(yu)也必須有相應的(de)(de)(de)德育(yu)(yu)情境(jing)支撐(cheng)。

首(shou)先，德(de)(de)(de)育(yu)情(qing)境(jing)能為現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)公民品(pin)(pin)(pin)德(de)(de)(de)培育(yu)提供條件支(zhi)撐。現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)公民品(pin)(pin)(pin)德(de)(de)(de)是公民在(zai)(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)政(zheng)治與(yu)公共(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)展(zhan)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)道德(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質，它(ta)以(yi)人之(zhi)共(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)性(xing)、關系性(xing)的(de)生(sheng)存論為前提，通過公共(gong)(gong)性(xing)的(de)社(she)(she)會實(shi)踐生(sheng)成并展(zhan)現(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)來。作為現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)公民在(zai)(zai)(zai)公共(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)展(zhan)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)德(de)(de)(de)性(xing)，現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)公民品(pin)(pin)(pin)德(de)(de)(de)的(de)培育(yu)并非是抽(chou)象的(de)，而是需要(yao)特定的(de)社(she)(she)會基(ji)礎，依賴人們相互(hu)認知、相互(hu)感(gan)受共(gong)(gong)同(tong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)情(qing)境(jing)。亞里士多德(de)(de)(de)以(yi)“友愛(ai)”為例，指出(chu)“友愛(ai)就存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于某種(zhong)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)體之(zhi)中(zhong)”，友愛(ai)“這種(zhong)感(gan)覺只(zhi)有在(zai)(zai)(zai)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)才(cai)能實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)”。[2]288它(ta)的(de)孕育(yu)離不開一個可以(yi)讓社(she)(she)會成員充(chong)滿“共(gong)(gong)同(tong)感(gan)”的(de)社(she)(she)會環境(jing)。由此，現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)公民品(pin)(pin)(pin)德(de)(de)(de)培育(yu)需要(yao)社(she)(she)會化、公共(gong)(gong)化的(de)德(de)(de)(de)育(yu)情(qing)境(jing)，德(de)(de)(de)育(yu)情(qing)境(jing)成為現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)公民品(pin)(pin)(pin)德(de)(de)(de)孕育(yu)的(de)社(she)(she)會土壤。

其次，德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)情境(jing)(jing)是現(xian)代(dai)公民(min)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)重要環(huan)(huan)節。德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)情境(jing)(jing)并不外(wai)在(zai)于德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體，處(chu)于客(ke)觀、孤立的(de)(de)(de)狀態，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體、對(dui)象(xiang)、情境(jing)(jing)在(zai)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)過程中(zhong)呈現(xian)出融為一(yi)體的(de)(de)(de)狀態，德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)情境(jing)(jing)是完整德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)構成(cheng)部分。情境(jing)(jing)有別(bie)于客(ke)觀的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)在(zai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)，相(xiang)比較環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)靜(jing)態性(xing)、客(ke)觀性(xing)、外(wai)在(zai)性(xing)，情境(jing)(jing)更加體現(xian)出價值(zhi)性(xing)、主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體在(zai)場等特點(dian)。在(zai)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)過程中(zhong)，外(wai)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)設施、場所、符號經由(you)道德(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體有目的(de)(de)(de)、有意識地建構，最終(zhong)形成(cheng)具有意義感、整體感的(de)(de)(de)道德(de)氛(fen)圍(wei)。這(zhe)種(zhong)道德(de)氛(fen)圍(wei)為德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)實踐活動的(de)(de)(de)開展提供了外(wai)部性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)支撐(cheng)條件，其自身也與德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)其它(ta)要素（例(li)如主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體、對(dui)象(xiang)、中(zhong)介、載體等）共同(tong)構成(cheng)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)部分。充(chong)滿公共性(xing)、開放性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)情境(jing)(jing)將構成(cheng)現(xian)代(dai)公民(min)品德(de)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)不可或缺的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)節，由(you)此塑造出德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體與對(dui)象(xiang)之(zhi)間(jian)相(xiang)互交融的(de)(de)(de)“一(yi)體感”，為培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)代(dai)公民(min)品德(de)提供應(ying)有的(de)(de)(de)道德(de)氛(fen)圍(wei)。

最后，德(de)育(yu)(yu)情(qing)境(jing)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)(min)品(pin)德(de)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)提供“訓練(lian)場”。德(de)育(yu)(yu)情(qing)境(jing)是(shi)德(de)育(yu)(yu)系y的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)環節，創設德(de)育(yu)(yu)情(qing)境(jing)就是(shi)要(yao)(yao)為(wei)(wei)德(de)育(yu)(yu)主體練(lian)就道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)品(pin)質提供盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)真實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)場景，以(yi)便他們在社會生(sheng)活中(zhong)可(ke)以(yi)自(zi)覺(jue)地(di)(di)做出道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)善(shan)行。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)情(qing)境(jing)創設在構(gou)成(cheng)德(de)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支撐(cheng)性條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，也成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)教育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“訓練(lian)場”。如同學(xue)習(xi)(xi)游泳(yong)(yong)必須要(yao)(yao)在游泳(yong)(yong)池(chi)進(jin)行，盡(jin)管(guan)游泳(yong)(yong)池(chi)不(bu)能(neng)代(dai)替學(xue)習(xi)(xi)者今后可(ke)能(neng)要(yao)(yao)面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江河湖海，但(dan)(dan)卻(que)是(shi)練(lian)習(xi)(xi)游泳(yong)(yong)最為(wei)(wei)重要(yao)(yao)和有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)訓練(lian)場。對現(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)(min)品(pin)德(de)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)而(er)言，盡(jin)管(guan)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)(min)品(pin)德(de)是(shi)公(gong)民(min)(min)在現(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活展現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)品(pin)質，但(dan)(dan)可(ke)以(yi)通過公(gong)共(gong)(gong)化、開放性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)育(yu)(yu)情(qing)境(jing)創設，營造人為(wei)(wei)設置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“準公(gong)共(gong)(gong)性”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)環境(jing)，有(you)意(yi)識地(di)(di)訓練(lian)公(gong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)素養(yang)與能(neng)力，從而(er)為(wei)(wei)公(gong)民(min)(min)練(lian)就在公(gong)共(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活中(zhong)所需要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)品(pin)質提供準備。

真正(zheng)的(de)(de)德(de)(de)(de)育(yu)不應是枯燥無味的(de)(de)機械(xie)灌輸(shu)，而是能夠激發人(ren)心(xin)、充(chong)滿熱(re)情(qing)的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)實踐活(huo)動(dong)。德(de)(de)(de)育(yu)要(yao)(yao)發揮(hui)實效，必須要(yao)(yao)落實到具(ju)體情(qing)境(jing)之中，經由人(ren)的(de)(de)反復實踐，最終內(nei)化(hua)為(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體的(de)(de)內(nei)在習(xi)性(xing)(xing)。常識(shi)也告訴我們，人(ren)們正(zheng)是在相互的(de)(de)感受和體驗(yan)中傳遞道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)知識(shi)、內(nei)化(hua)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)價值、開(kai)展(zhan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)的(de)(de)。這(zhe)個過程需(xu)要(yao)(yao)利用(yong)并創設情(qing)境(jing)，利用(yong)情(qing)境(jing)對(dui)人(ren)的(de)(de)感化(hua)、熏(xun)陶和影響(xiang)，激起德(de)(de)(de)育(yu)對(dui)象的(de)(de)欲望和動(dong)機，為(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)的(de)(de)順(shun)利開(kai)展(zhan)提供良好的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)場域(yu)。這(zhe)對(dui)現代公(gong)民品德(de)(de)(de)培(pei)育(yu)來說，尤其重要(yao)(yao)。分化(hua)是現代社會(hui)結構的(de)(de)基本特征，社會(hui)公(gong)共(gong)化(hua)是必然的(de)(de)趨(qu)勢，公(gong)共(gong)領域(yu)的(de)(de)出現將成為(wei)今后公(gong)民生活(huo)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)場域(yu)。在德(de)(de)(de)育(yu)中完全(quan)可(ke)以(yi)創設具(ju)有公(gong)共(gong)性(xing)(xing)、公(gong)民性(xing)(xing)特征的(de)(de)德(de)(de)(de)育(yu)情(qing)境(jing)，鍛煉、培(pei)育(yu)現代公(gong)民在社會(hui)公(gong)共(gong)生活(huo)中應有的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)品質。

二、學校(xiao)德育承擔培育現代公民品德的使(shi)命

學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)承擔育(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)。黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十報告(gao)提出教育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本任(ren)務是(shi)“立德(de)樹人(ren)”。培育(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)品(pin)德(de)是(shi)學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)社(she)會(hui)貫徹(che)“立德(de)樹人(ren)”任(ren)務必然面對的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課題，它(ta)完滿地回答了現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)社(she)會(hui)語境下“立什么德(de)”與“樹什么人(ren)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)根(gen)本問題。當前，隨著人(ren)們民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)、法治(zhi)、權利意(yi)識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)強(qiang)和(he)主(zhu)體性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加，社(she)會(hui)發(fa)展正在(zai)經歷由“臣民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”“私(si)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”向“公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”時代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉變，實現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)化，培養現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)已經成為學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)乃至整個(ge)教育(yu)(yu)(yu)刻(ke)不容緩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)務。從“德(de)”與“人(ren)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)在(zai)關聯上看，品(pin)德(de)成就公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，能夠構(gou)成“現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)”實質(zhi)性標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)品(pin)德(de)。現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)從根(gen)本上體現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)個(ge)體具備了在(zai)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)活與公(gong)(gong)共(gong)交往中應有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道德(de)品(pin)質(zhi)――現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)品(pin)德(de)。因而，學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本任(ren)務就是(shi)通(tong)過培育(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)品(pin)德(de)來塑造(zao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)。

學校(xiao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)道德(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展與社會化(hua)的(de)重要場所。學校(xiao)德(de)(de)(de)育也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)德(de)(de)(de)性(xing)成(cheng)長(chang)的(de)重要構成(cheng)環節。德(de)(de)(de)性(xing)倫理學認為，理解德(de)(de)(de)性(xing)需要立足于整(zheng)(zheng)體生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)視角，必須能夠將(jiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)看作(zuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個整(zheng)(zheng)體，從而(er)，德(de)(de)(de)性(xing)的(de)養成(cheng)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)蹴(cu)而(er)就，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)整(zheng)(zheng)個生(sheng)(sheng)命過(guo)(guo)程相伴，在(zai)完整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命實(shi)踐(jian)中把握、練(lian)就德(de)(de)(de)性(xing)。亞里士多德(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)出(chu)：“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)善就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)靈魂的(de)合(he)德(de)(de)(de)性(xing)的(de)實(shi)現活(huo)動，如(ru)果(guo)有不(bu)止(zhi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)的(de)德(de)(de)(de)性(xing)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)乎那種(zhong)最(zui)好、最(zui)完善的(de)德(de)(de)(de)性(xing)的(de)實(shi)現活(huo)動。不(bu)過(guo)(guo)，還要加上‘在(zai)一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)中’。”[2]20在(zai)亞里士多德(de)(de)(de)那里，“道德(de)(de)(de)德(de)(de)(de)性(xing)則通過(guo)(guo)習慣(guan)養成(cheng)”，德(de)(de)(de)性(xing)的(de)養成(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)伴隨人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)習慣(guan)化(hua)的(de)過(guo)(guo)程，并(bing)在(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)存實(shi)踐(jian)中展現出(chu)來。

品(pin)德的(de)(de)(de)(de)養成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)(ming)歷程、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神發展史以及人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)化具有同步性(xing)。作為公(gong)民(min)在政治與社(she)(she)會(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)活中體(ti)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德品(pin)質(zhi)，現(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)品(pin)德培育(yu)(yu)應該置于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)(ming)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長與道德生(sheng)(sheng)活展開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)視域中加以理解。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長是(shi)一個(ge)自(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)歷史過(guo)程。一個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)(ming)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長既(ji)是(shi)從自(zi)然人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)轉變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)社(she)(she)會(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、從個(ge)體(ti)性(xing)走(zou)向(xiang)公(gong)共性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程，也是(shi)社(she)(she)會(hui)多要(yao)(yao)素協(xie)同作用、相(xiang)互配(pei)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)力(li)塑造過(guo)程。作為公(gong)民(min)在公(gong)共生(sheng)(sheng)活與公(gong)共交往中的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德品(pin)質(zhi)，現(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)品(pin)德對人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求相(xiang)對較高，它要(yao)(yao)求公(gong)民(min)超越個(ge)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狹隘性(xing)、偏私(si)性(xing)，在主體(ti)平等對話基礎上進行合(he)作、互惠。盡管現(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)品(pin)德最終(zhong)依賴于(yu)社(she)(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共生(sheng)(sheng)活與公(gong)共交往，但其(qi)培育(yu)(yu)并不(bu)必然需要(yao)(yao)完全在公(gong)共領域進行。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道德發展經(jing)歷的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸場域都可(ke)以以營造情(qing)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為現(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)品(pin)德培育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)訓練(lian)場。

學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)是(shi)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)發展與(yu)(yu)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)場(chang)域(yu)，學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)也成(cheng)為(wei)現代(dai)公(gong)(gong)民品(pin)(pin)(pin)德(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)方(fang)式。學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)是(shi)人之公(gong)(gong)共(gong)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)環節(jie)。盡(jin)管從場(chang)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)性(xing)、開放(fang)性(xing)來(lai)(lai)說，與(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活領域(yu)相比，學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)場(chang)域(yu)相對集中化(hua)(hua)、封閉化(hua)(hua)、制度化(hua)(hua)，由此也決定了學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)呈現自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點：學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)性(xing)、計劃性(xing)、系(xi)統(tong)性(xing)強，公(gong)(gong)共(gong)性(xing)、開放(fang)性(xing)相對較弱，德(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)內容中規(gui)范性(xing)、程(cheng)式化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容較多(duo)，以德(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)課(ke)程(cheng)體(ti)系(xi)為(wei)承(cheng)載，側(ce)重(zhong)于培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)則、紀律意(yi)識。然(ran)而，這么說并非意(yi)味著學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)在(zai)培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)性(xing)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)時顯得(de)無(wu)能為(wei)力(li)。在(zai)杜威看(kan)來(lai)(lai)，“教育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)既然(ran)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)過程(cheng)，學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)便是(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)形式”。[3]學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)是(shi)一(yi)個由師生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活動構成(cheng)、充滿活力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)型社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)。它(ta)能夠為(wei)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)性(xing)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)訓練提供(gong)場(chang)域(yu)。學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活所獲得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)訓練，將(jiang)為(wei)他們走向更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)空間提供(gong)準備。就培(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)現代(dai)公(gong)(gong)民品(pin)(pin)(pin)德(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)(lai)說，營造公(gong)(gong)共(gong)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)民德(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)情(qing)境將(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)學(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)實踐方(fang)式。

三、學校德(de)育(yu)情(qing)境(jing)創設的原則(ze)

德(de)育(yu)情境(jing)(jing)創設(she)是學校培育(yu)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)(min)品(pin)德(de)的(de)(de)重要(yao)方式，這就需(xu)要(yao)學校努力創設(she)具(ju)有公(gong)共化、開放性(xing)的(de)(de)公(gong)民(min)(min)性(xing)道德(de)情境(jing)(jing)。學校德(de)育(yu)情境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)創設(she)是為了實現(xian)(xian)育(yu)人(ren)的(de)(de)價值目標。盡管從表現(xian)(xian)形態來(lai)看，公(gong)民(min)(min)性(xing)的(de)(de)德(de)育(yu)情境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)建構需(xu)通(tong)過活(huo)動、交往、儀式等外(wai)在(zai)方式營(ying)造(zao)氛(fen)圍(wei)，但(dan)其中內蘊了當(dang)前學校德(de)育(yu)的(de)(de)基(ji)本價值追(zhui)求(qiu)――塑造(zao)合(he)格的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)(min)。現(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)(min)品(pin)德(de)培育(yu)旨在(zai)錘煉公(gong)民(min)(min)對政治生(sheng)活(huo)和公(gong)共生(sheng)活(huo)所具(ju)有的(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)、合(he)作(zuo)性(xing)、互(hu)惠(hui)性(xing)的(de)(de)道德(de)品(pin)質，體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)出一個現(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)(min)應有的(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)性(xing)身(shen)份和資格。學校德(de)育(yu)場景的(de)(de)創設(she)主(zhu)要(yao)為了實現(xian)(xian)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)價值追(zhui)求(qiu)，體(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)出強烈的(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)指(zhi)向性(xing)和價值指(zhi)向性(xing)，承(cheng)載著育(yu)人(ren)的(de)(de)價值追(zhui)求(qiu)。

為了更(geng)加契合現(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)品(pin)德培(pei)(pei)育的規(gui)律，完成現(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)品(pin)德培(pei)(pei)育的德育目標，學校德育情(qing)境設計應該遵循如下具體原(yuan)則：

一(yi)是主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性原(yuan)則(ze)。主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性原(yuan)則(ze)是現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)基(ji)本原(yuan)則(ze)，也(ye)是現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)社會、現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)教育(yu)及現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)師(shi)生關系最基(ji)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)。在(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)社會，每個(ge)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)成(cheng)員都(dou)(dou)應是具有(you)(you)自(zi)(zi)由、平等意識和(he)獨立人格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)。現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)品(pin)(pin)德(de)(de)培育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是具有(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)，在(zai)公(gong)民(min)性德(de)(de)育(yu)場(chang)景的(de)(de)(de)(de)建構中，德(de)(de)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)德(de)(de)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對象應該要(yao)遵(zun)循主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性原(yuan)則(ze)，雙(shuang)方都(dou)(dou)是平等、自(zi)(zi)由、自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，他們在(zai)人格(ge)(ge)平等和(he)相互尊重的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上展開(kai)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)對話和(he)交往，構建和(he)諧的(de)(de)(de)(de)師(shi)生關系。這種(zhong)(zhong)德(de)(de)育(yu)場(chang)景的(de)(de)(de)(de)建構，應該體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)學校德(de)(de)育(yu)應有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)性，讓德(de)(de)育(yu)在(zai)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)平等、協商、友好、寬容的(de)(de)(de)(de)氛圍中開(kai)展，而不是要(yao)去營造(zao)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)壓迫的(de)(de)(de)(de)、專制的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)(de)氛圍。只有(you)(you)這樣，才能真正為現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)民(min)品(pin)(pin)德(de)(de)培育(yu)提供外部的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件支撐。

二是(shi)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)性(xing)原則。這(zhe)種(zhong)德(de)育(yu)情(qing)(qing)境產生(sheng)(sheng)這(zhe)樣一種(zhong)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)性(xing)的(de)(de)效(xiao)應，它(ta)(ta)能夠讓(rang)德(de)育(yu)主體與(yu)對(dui)象處(chu)于(yu)(yu)共(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)共(gong)(gong)存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)場域，在彼此之g開展的(de)(de)自由對(dui)話、互(hu)(hu)(hu)動、交往(wang)中完成教育(yu)活動，實現德(de)育(yu)的(de)(de)價(jia)值(zhi)目(mu)標。在阿(a)倫(lun)特看來(lai)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)類社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)很多行動都充滿(man)了公(gong)共(gong)(gong)性(xing)，這(zhe)取決于(yu)(yu)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)活在一起的(de)(de)”事實。它(ta)(ta)“首先意味著，在公(gong)共(gong)(gong)領域中展現的(de)(de)任何東西都可(ke)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所見、所聞，具有可(ke)能最廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)性(xing)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)我(wo)們(men)來(lai)說，展現――即可(ke)為(wei)(wei)我(wo)們(men)，亦可(ke)為(wei)(wei)他人(ren)(ren)(ren)所見所聞之物――構成了存(cun)(cun)在。”[4]365它(ta)(ta)能夠打破狹隘、單一、封閉的(de)(de)德(de)育(yu)狀態以及德(de)育(yu)主體與(yu)對(dui)象相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)(hu)割裂的(de)(de)局面，創造一個(ge)平等對(dui)話、互(hu)(hu)(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)交往(wang)、德(de)育(yu)主體與(yu)對(dui)象共(gong)(gong)在的(de)(de)場景。這(zhe)種(zhong)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)性(xing)的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)境為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之間(jian)的(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)遇、對(dui)話、分(fen)(fen)享提(ti)供了一個(ge)開闊的(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)背景，由此擺脫個(ge)體分(fen)(fen)散、孤(gu)立的(de)(de)狀態，為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)超越個(ge)體性(xing)、私利性(xing)，走向(xiang)交往(wang)、合作、互(hu)(hu)(hu)惠提(ti)供條件。

三是(shi)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)原(yuan)則(ze)。德(de)(de)育(yu)是(shi)一項實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)很強的(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)動，德(de)(de)育(yu)情(qing)境的(de)(de)營造需(xu)要充分(fen)展(zhan)現出德(de)(de)育(yu)應有的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)本(ben)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。亞(ya)里(li)士多德(de)(de)認為，德(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)獲(huo)得，“我(wo)(wo)(wo)們應當重視實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)活(huo)(huo)動的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)，因為我(wo)(wo)(wo)們是(shi)怎樣(yang)的(de)(de)取決于我(wo)(wo)(wo)們的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)現活(huo)(huo)動的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)”[2]32“我(wo)(wo)(wo)們先運用它們而后(hou)才獲(huo)得它們”。[2]31德(de)(de)育(yu)情(qing)境的(de)(de)建構應該充分(fen)遵循道德(de)(de)教育(yu)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)本(ben)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。這種(zhong)場景的(de)(de)建構能夠(gou)讓(rang)德(de)(de)育(yu)活(huo)(huo)動順利開(kai)展(zhan)，讓(rang)人們在(zai)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)去(qu)接受和(he)開(kai)展(zhan)道德(de)(de)教育(yu)。公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交往與(yu)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)讓(rang)德(de)(de)育(yu)主體和(he)對象能夠(gou)有一個良好的(de)(de)、能順利開(kai)展(zhan)德(de)(de)育(yu)活(huo)(huo)動的(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)空間和(he)道德(de)(de)氛圍。公(gong)民品(pin)德(de)(de)從本(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)上來說(shuo)應該要在(zai)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)活(huo)(huo)動中(zhong)去(qu)練就、展(zhan)現和(he)參與(yu)，這樣(yang)的(de)(de)德(de)(de)育(yu)場景也就是(shi)具有公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)場景，為德(de)(de)育(yu)活(huo)(huo)動的(de)(de)開(kai)展(zhan)提供實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件。

四是(shi)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)性(xing)原則。道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)著眼于(yu)培育(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)品質和能(neng)力，而(er)不只是(shi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)地復制給受(shou)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)者(zhe)一些規(gui)則，因此，在(zai)(zai)進(jin)行規(gui)范教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)同時，更應(ying)當注重道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卓越、理想人(ren)(ren)格、愛(ai)、尊重等道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)。學校德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)情(qing)(qing)境的(de)(de)(de)創設(she)也應(ying)該反映道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)應(ying)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)性(xing)。真正有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)在(zai)(zai)濃郁的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)氛(fen)圍中(zhong)展開(kai)，德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)必(bi)(bi)須(xu)發自于(yu)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)，激起人(ren)(ren)們仁愛(ai)、敬仰(yang)、敬畏等道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)，“每種品質都有(you)其(qi)(qi)高尚的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)西和愉(yu)悅的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)西”。[2]71這(zhe)種濃郁的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)氛(fen)圍不僅(jin)為德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)開(kai)展提供有(you)力的(de)(de)(de)條件支撐，而(er)且由內(nei)而(er)外地從(cong)內(nei)在(zai)(zai)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)視角解決了(le)道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)動力問題。現代公民(min)品德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培育(yu)(yu)賴以需要的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)境應(ying)該是(shi)“有(you)情(qing)(qing)之境”，是(shi)一個(ge)個(ge)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)化的(de)(de)(de)場景(jing)，在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)樣(yang)一個(ge)充滿公共(gong)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)空間(jian)里，身處其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)主(zhu)體和德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)對象，能(neng)夠感(gan)(gan)受(shou)到來自他(ta)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)寬容、關懷(huai)、友愛(ai)等社會(hui)性(xing)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)，展現道(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體與(yu)對象之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)。

這(zhe)樣(yang)，依(yi)據(ju)主體性(xing)、公(gong)(gong)共性(xing)、實踐性(xing)和情感性(xing)原則構建的(de)學(xue)校德育(yu)情境(jing)，將幫(bang)助德育(yu)主體與(yu)對象在(zai)學(xue)校里的(de)公(gong)(gong)共化、情感化的(de)實踐活動中，為把(ba)學(xue)生培養(yang)成為具有獨立人格(ge)、公(gong)(gong)共關懷(huai)、互助合作(zuo)意識的(de)現(xian)代公(gong)(gong)民提(ti)供(gong)條件。

四(si)、學校(xiao)德育情境創設的(de)基本(ben)構想

與(yu)社會公(gong)共(gong)領域相比，學(xue)校(xiao)“準公(gong)共(gong)生活(huo)”的身份決定了學(xue)校(xiao)德(de)育(yu)(yu)必須而(er)且能(neng)夠擔負起(qi)培育(yu)(yu)現代(dai)公(gong)民品(pin)德(de)的時代(dai)任務。以培育(yu)(yu)現代(dai)公(gong)民品(pin)德(de)為目標，學(xue)校(xiao)德(de)育(yu)(yu)在具(ju)體的情(qing)境設計上要體現主體性(xing)(xing)、公(gong)共(gong)性(xing)(xing)、實踐性(xing)(xing)和情(qing)感性(xing)(xing)等原則，并在具(ju)體展開的策略上遵循(xun)如下思路：

第一，從(cong)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)德育情(qing)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)狀況看，要善于營造(zao)平等、民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)、開(kai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)、班(ban)(ban)(ban)風(feng)(feng)(feng)。校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)、班(ban)(ban)(ban)風(feng)(feng)(feng)建設是一個(ge)(ge)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、班(ban)(ban)(ban)級文(wen)化(hua)氛(fen)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)現，它(ta)反映(ying)出學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)理念與(yu)核心(xin)價值(zhi)以(yi)及(ji)對學(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)。同(tong)時，班(ban)(ban)(ban)風(feng)(feng)(feng)、校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)建設也(ye)可以(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)德育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有力承載(zai)，成(cheng)為(wei)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)開(kai)展德育所依賴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要德育情(qing)境(jing)。校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)、班(ban)(ban)(ban)風(feng)(feng)(feng)如同(tong)德育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“大氣(qi)層(ceng)”，反映(ying)一個(ge)(ge)學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、班(ban)(ban)(ban)級整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道德氛(fen)圍，讓每個(ge)(ge)參與(yu)德育活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)都能(neng)(neng)感同(tong)身受，并(bing)以(yi)一種(zhong)潛移(yi)默化(hua)、潤物細無(wu)聲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式影響(xiang)著每個(ge)(ge)學(xue)(xue)生。現代(dai)公民(min)(min)(min)品(pin)(pin)德培育需要建設平等、民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)、開(kai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)、班(ban)(ban)(ban)風(feng)(feng)(feng)，而(er)不是專制、壓(ya)迫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)、班(ban)(ban)(ban)風(feng)(feng)(feng)，要讓學(xue)(xue)生感受到(dao)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)、自由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氛(fen)圍，培養(yang)(yang)他們參與(yu)性、公共(gong)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)質。可見，民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)、和諧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)、班(ban)(ban)(ban)風(feng)(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)夠為(wei)學(xue)(xue)生養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)積極參與(yu)、互(hu)幫互(hu)助、平等對話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現代(dai)公民(min)(min)(min)氣(qi)質提(ti)供(gong)外在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)。校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)、班(ban)(ban)(ban)風(feng)(feng)(feng)這種(zhong)小范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)境(jing)能(neng)(neng)夠與(yu)社(she)會公共(gong)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)域、公共(gong)交往(wang)相互(hu)貫通，人們在民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)校(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)、班(ban)(ban)(ban)風(feng)(feng)(feng)環(huan)境(jing)下能(neng)(neng)夠養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)公民(min)(min)(min)在現代(dai)公共(gong)生活中需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道德品(pin)(pin)質。

第二，從學(xue)校(xiao)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)情境的(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)要求看，要善于(yu)利(li)用(yong)(yong)學(xue)校(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)文化(hua)(hua)活(huo)動載(zai)體。德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)具有強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)性(xing)，現(xian)(xian)(xian)代公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)品德(de)培育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)也(ye)體現(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)對(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)實(shi)踐(jian)的(de)(de)依賴性(xing)。在(zai)校(xiao)園(yuan)文化(hua)(hua)建設和(he)學(xue)校(xiao)道德(de)教育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中，可以發現(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)者利(li)用(yong)(yong)一(yi)些帶有公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)校(xiao)園(yuan)文化(hua)(hua)實(shi)踐(jian)活(huo)動，比如(ru)校(xiao)園(yuan)的(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)節、運動會、辯論會等一(yi)系列方式，把(ba)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)品德(de)應有的(de)(de)核心價值融(rong)入其中，讓學(xue)生在(zai)參(can)與(yu)和(he)交往(wang)(wang)中學(xue)習。這些公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)的(de)(de)校(xiao)園(yuan)文化(hua)(hua)活(huo)動有助(zhu)于(yu)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)寓教于(yu)樂，也(ye)為師生、學(xue)生之間(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交往(wang)(wang)提供(gong)平臺。“學(xue)校(xiao)生活(huo)的(de)(de)主體是(shi)教師和(he)學(xue)生，學(xue)校(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)生活(huo)的(de)(de)交往(wang)(wang)有師生交往(wang)(wang)、生生交往(wang)(wang)，他們(men)之間(jian)的(de)(de)交往(wang)(wang)作(zuo)為一(yi)種公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)交往(wang)(wang)，都是(shi)圍繞著(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)務、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)生活(huo)展開的(de)(de)對(dui)話、合作(zuo)、協(xie)商和(he)妥協(xie)。”[5]學(xue)校(xiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)文化(hua)(hua)活(huo)動是(shi)校(xiao)園(yuan)文化(hua)(hua)建設的(de)(de)重(zhong)要內容(rong)，也(ye)是(shi)學(xue)校(xiao)德(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要載(zai)體。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)文化(hua)(hua)活(huo)動能夠(gou)為學(xue)生在(zai)交往(wang)(wang)中、參(can)與(yu)中練就(jiu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)品德(de)提供(gong)載(zai)體。

第三，從學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校德(de)(de)育(yu)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)創設的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)來看，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校老師要(yao)(yao)善于(yu)(yu)在(zai)課堂教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中建(jian)構(gou)德(de)(de)育(yu)場景。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師要(yao)(yao)善于(yu)(yu)圍繞(rao)課程教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求，以知(zhi)識(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)為(wei)中心，構(gou)建(jian)一(yi)種(zhong)合作及公(gong)共化的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)。比如，在(zai)政治課堂上涉及到(dao)聯(lian)合國(guo)的(de)(de)知(zhi)識(shi)時(shi)，可(ke)(ke)以帶領學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)一(yi)起進行“模(mo)擬聯(lian)合國(guo)”活(huo)動(dong)；在(zai)講授法律知(zhi)識(shi)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，可(ke)(ke)以設置“模(mo)擬審判”的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方式。創設教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)與德(de)(de)育(yu)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)在(zai)此(ci)(ci)活(huo)動(dong)中得到(dao)了統一(yi)。在(zai)課程教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師作為(wei)知(zhi)識(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)和道德(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)，可(ke)(ke)以根(gen)據(ju)(ju)所教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科的(de)(de)特(te)點、規律，圍繞(rao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科核心素養以及德(de)(de)育(yu)的(de)(de)基本任務(wu)，自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)構(gou)建(jian)德(de)(de)育(yu)場景。在(zai)此(ci)(ci)過程中，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師可(ke)(ke)以根(gen)據(ju)(ju)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)需要(yao)(yao)建(jian)構(gou)社會性(xing)、公(gong)共性(xing)的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)，知(zhi)識(shi)與德(de)(de)性(xing)由此(ci)(ci)走向具體(ti)化、現實化。對教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師而言，在(zai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校德(de)(de)育(yu)中要(yao)(yao)善于(yu)(yu)揭示知(zhi)識(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)背(bei)后的(de)(de)價值(zhi)意(yi)蘊，將建(jian)構(gou)德(de)(de)育(yu)場景的(de)(de)能(neng)力視為(wei)一(yi)項實踐(jian)智慧――一(yi)種(zhong)營造公(gong)共情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)并在(zai)深思熟慮中將道德(de)(de)價值(zhi)融入具體(ti)情(qing)(qing)(qing)境(jing)的(de)(de)能(neng)力。

第四，難(nan)校(xiao)德(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)創設(she)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)方式來(lai)看，要充分重視學校(xiao)德(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)化建設(she)。現(xian)代公(gong)民品德(de)(de)培育(yu)(yu)(yu)必須依(yi)賴一(yi)種(zhong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)化的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)。加(jia)強德(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)化建設(she)，創造公(gong)共(gong)性的(de)(de)(de)校(xiao)園文(wen)化活動，可(ke)以為(wei)德(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)開展構建微型的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)體(ti)。共(gong)同(tong)(tong)體(ti)為(wei)人(ren)與人(ren)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)交(jiao)往提(ti)供(gong)保障(zhang)，德(de)(de)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)與對象(xiang)能夠(gou)(gou)(gou)在共(gong)同(tong)(tong)體(ti)中(zhong)實現(xian)知(zhi)識(shi)、情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)和價(jia)值層(ceng)面的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)等交(jiao)流和溝通。“高度的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)關(guan)(guan)注，即高度的(de)(de)(de)互(hu)(hu)為(wei)主體(ti)性，跟高度的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)連帶――通過身(shen)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)協調一(yi)致、相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)激起(qi)或喚起(qi)參加(jia)者的(de)(de)(de)神經(jing)系統――結合在一(yi)起(qi)，從(cong)而導(dao)致形成(cheng)了與認知(zhi)符號相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)聯的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)員身(shen)份感(gan)(gan)；同(tong)(tong)時也為(wei)每個(ge)參加(jia)者帶來(lai)了情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)能量，使他們(men)感(gan)(gan)到有信(xin)心、熱情(qing)(qing)和愿望(wang)去做出他們(men)認為(wei)道德(de)(de)上容許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情(qing)(qing)。”[6]在組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)中(zhong)，人(ren)與人(ren)之間(jian)在相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)交(jiao)往的(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)能夠(gou)(gou)(gou)相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)感(gan)(gan)覺到一(yi)種(zhong)休(xiu)戚與共(gong)的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)受，能夠(gou)(gou)(gou)讓每個(ge)人(ren)對他人(ren)產生一(yi)種(zhong)可(ke)感(gan)(gan)性，能夠(gou)(gou)(gou)與他人(ren)交(jiao)往，感(gan)(gan)受到他人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)利(li)益(yi)、情(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)和價(jia)值，認識(shi)到自己和他人(ren)之間(jian)一(yi)種(zhong)不可(ke)分性，也就是(shi)說(shuo)在一(yi)個(ge)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)境(jing)當中(zhong)將有助于人(ren)與人(ren)之間(jian)形成(cheng)一(yi)種(zhong)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)感(gan)(gan)。

參考文獻：

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篇4

［作者簡介］聶(nie)超群（1983―），男(nan)，南(nan)昌(chang)大(da)學(xue)哲學(xue)系2005級倫理學(xue)專業碩士研(yan)究生。

隨著改革開放的(de)(de)(de)深入(ru)，及改革過程中(zhong)(zhong)各種(zhong)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)暴露，加強公(gong)共政策(ce)倫(lun)理(li)(li)(li)研(yan)究已經成為公(gong)共政策(ce)研(yan)究中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)個不可(ke)回(hui)避的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)。善政理(li)(li)(li)念在公(gong)共行政研(yan)究中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)廣泛認(ren)可(ke)與接受，執政能力作為黨的(de)(de)(de)建設的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個核心內容的(de)(de)(de)確立，科學發展觀與和諧(xie)社會(hui)理(li)(li)(li)念作為新(xin)(xin)一(yi)屆政府的(de)(de)(de)執政理(li)(li)(li)念的(de)(de)(de)倡(chang)揚，貧富差距問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)再(zai)次成為兩會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)熱點話(hua)題(ti)(ti)，這些(xie)都為重新(xin)(xin)審視公(gong)共政策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)倫(lun)理(li)(li)(li)基礎(chu)提供了(le)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)契機，也為公(gong)共政策(ce)倫(lun)理(li)(li)(li)研(yan)究創造了(le)現實性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。

一、對公(gong)共政策進行(xing)倫理研究的(de)原因(yin)

（一(yi)(yi)(yi)）當代(dai)中(zhong)國社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)失衡(heng)問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)決(jue)(jue)(jue)需(xu)要(yao)重新定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基礎(chu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)平(ping)(ping)均主義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)肯定(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種缺乏動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)如果貧富差距過(guo)大(da)(da)，過(guo)于不(bu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)肯定(ding)(ding)(ding)也(ye)無法維持社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)秩(zhi)序(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)諧穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)，同時也(ye)會(hui)(hui)(hui)挫(cuo)傷處(chu)于不(bu)利困境(jing)中(zhong)成員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極性(xing)，因而消解(jie)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)展動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府對社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)資源配置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段(duan)(duan)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理(li)性(xing)直接影響到(dao)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)秩(zhi)序(xu)(xu)(xu)安定(ding)(ding)(ding)與(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)生(sheng)活計劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)，也(ye)創造或(huo)消解(jie)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)展動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)。可(ke)以(yi)毫不(bu)夸(kua)張地說(shuo)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)與(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制約我(wo)們現(xian)(xian)(xian)階段(duan)(duan)改革與(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瓶頸。誠然，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國家(jia)了(le)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)某(mou)種經(jing)濟、社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)、文化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)而作(zuo)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)略性(xing)選擇，每一(yi)(yi)(yi)項政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)某(mou)個(ge)或(huo)某(mou)些具(ju)體目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)而作(zuo)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)這(zhe)些目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，手段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學選擇是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)極有必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，任(ren)(ren)何(he)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指向都(dou)只能(neng)(neng)從(cong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)上(shang)來加以(yi)把握。而且，目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)本身就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體現(xian)(xian)(xian)。所(suo)以(yi)，“任(ren)(ren)何(he)決(jue)(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)突出價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)因素(su)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)特(te)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，無論怎樣(yang)強調(diao)決(jue)(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學化，都(dou)無可(ke)否認決(jue)(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)考(kao)量和(he)決(jue)(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旨歸(gui)。對于公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制定(ding)(ding)(ding)來說(shuo)，價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)考(kao)量和(he)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旨歸(gui)無論何(he)時都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)首要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”[1]（P59）公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)應當具(ju)有倫理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關懷，倫理(li)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)任(ren)(ren)何(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)項公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)所(suo)不(bu)可(ke)回避的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。而公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)本質是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國家(jia)對政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)配，因而如何(he)分(fen)配這(zhe)些政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)們在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)配中(zhong)獲得了(le)什么，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如何(he)獲得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，這(zhe)關系(xi)到(dao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)尊嚴與(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)自我(wo)生(sheng)活目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)所(suo)必需(xu)考(kao)慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。亞里(li)士多(duo)(duo)德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“人(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論斷，給了(le)我(wo)們很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟示，人(ren)(ren)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)滿、人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)都(dou)離(li)不(bu)開政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)生(sheng)活，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)生(sheng)活是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)類生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)必不(bu)可(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)至善。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國家(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心絕(jue)不(bu)可(ke)偏離(li)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)至善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)旦政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)結果帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)不(bu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，必定(ding)(ding)(ding)會(hui)(hui)(hui)引(yin)發(fa)(fa)出大(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)數(shu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)被剝(bo)奪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)合法性(xing)也(ye)就(jiu)急劇下(xia)(xia)降，難以(yi)得到(dao)民(min)(min)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)持，也(ye)難以(yi)達(da)到(dao)預期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本問(wen)題是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)面發(fa)(fa)展問(wen)題，明(ming)確“人(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么，人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)應當為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)什么”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提，在(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)多(duo)(duo)元社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)，只有體現(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)與(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)才能(neng)(neng)真(zhen)正(zheng)調(diao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)切成員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極性(xing)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)面發(fa)(fa)展創造條(tiao)件。所(suo)以(yi)，通過(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)調(diao)整(zheng)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)配模(mo)式，重建公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)秩(zhi)序(xu)(xu)(xu)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)解(jie)決(jue)(jue)(jue)實(shi)踐中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象最(zui)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法。

（二）建(jian)(jian)設和(he)諧(xie)(xie)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)迫切需要(yao)(yao)(yao)加(jia)強公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倫(lun)理基礎(chu)研究。和(he)諧(xie)(xie)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指“社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)生(sheng)活諸要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)或方(fang)面(mian)已(yi)然達(da)到融洽互動(dong)與(yu)協調(diao)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)或社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)狀(zhuang)態。”[2]（P4）公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政策(ce)(ce)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國家與(yu)政府建(jian)(jian)構社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)秩(zhi)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本手段(duan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)，政策(ce)(ce)所涵含(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倫(lun)理精神(shen)一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)可以(yi)為(wei)(wei)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)秩(zhi)序(xu)和(he)諧(xie)(xie)穩(wen)定提供(gong)強大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)支撐，另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)又對(dui)公(gong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道德品質與(yu)精神(shen)氣質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塑造起(qi)著決定作(zuo)用，因(yin)而(er)(er)合(he)乎公(gong)平與(yu)公(gong)正(zheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政策(ce)(ce)為(wei)(wei)現(xian)代社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)諧(xie)(xie)奠定了(le)基礎(chu)。從政治(zhi)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)角(jiao)度而(er)(er)言，社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)合(he)作(zuo)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)由不(bu)同(tong)(tong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素(su)(su)構成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，它(ta)包(bao)括了(le)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)地(di)域之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)群體(ti)及階(jie)層之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活要(yao)(yao)(yao)求，因(yin)而(er)(er)多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政治(zhi)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本真性(xing)(xing)特征。多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)政治(zhi)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)提供(gong)了(le)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力，也為(wei)(wei)和(he)諧(xie)(xie)有(you)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展設定了(le)前提。在多(duo)元(yuan)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下(xia)，社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)諧(xie)(xie)實質是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人類社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)生(sheng)活領域之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活層面(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活區域之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)以(yi)及不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活方(fang)式與(yu)組織之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相互融洽互動(dong)與(yu)和(he)諧(xie)(xie)發(fa)展。因(yin)而(er)(er)，如何使得不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益要(yao)(yao)(yao)求，使得不(bu)同(tong)(tong)利益關系(xi)(xi)主體(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)長期穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)作(zuo)成為(wei)(wei)可能(neng)，這最根本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)點(dian)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)合(he)作(zuo)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本結構建(jian)(jian)立在一(yi)種可以(yi)為(wei)(wei)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)絕(jue)大多(duo)數成員(yuan)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)認可的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)義(yi)觀念之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上。“正(zheng)義(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)(yao)(yao)美德”。一(yi)種共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)認可的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)義(yi)觀念事(shi)實上就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)平等(deng)公(gong)民(min)在公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)論壇上理性(xing)(xing)商(shang)談與(yu)對(dui)話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果，也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)民(min)們就如何分配合(he)作(zuo)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)成果與(yu)負擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理性(xing)(xing)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)識，它(ta)為(wei)(wei)現(xian)代化(hua)多(duo)元(yuan)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定有(you)序(xu)運行提供(gong)了(le)倫(lun)理保障。正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)基于這種理解，我們認為(wei)(wei)研究公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倫(lun)理是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設和(he)諧(xie)(xie)社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)然性(xing)(xing)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求，倫(lun)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標要(yao)(yao)(yao)優先于公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)目(mu)標，否則政策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)將會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)被異化(hua)。

（三）研(yan)究公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倫理(li)基礎是(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)內容不(bu)可或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)是(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)對公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權威性分(fen)配，是(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)對公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)安(an)排，所以公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)應(ying)當(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)門關(guan)于人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學問(wen)。如(ru)果我們這樣理(li)解公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)，那就(jiu)(jiu)可以明白，公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)研(yan)究面(mian)臨著(zhu)(zhu)雙重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務(wu)：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)確定我們公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)，二是(shi)(shi)(shi)確定在政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治安(an)排與(yu)日常(chang)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)實踐(jian)中如(ru)何(he)實現這些(xie)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)涉(she)及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人類公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)，必須遵循公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倫理(li)秩序。任何(he)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治決策(ce)(ce)(ce)者首先面(mian)對的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)選(xuan)擇(ze)何(he)種(zhong)手段達到(dao)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)首先面(mian)對著(zhu)(zhu)道(dao)德選(xuan)擇(ze)，也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)何(he)種(zhong)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)才(cai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，才(cai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可以為公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)所接受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)倫理(li)研(yan)究就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要對公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)進(jin)行(xing)合法(fa)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追(zhui)問(wen)，以確證(zheng)每一(yi)項(xiang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)所要達到(dao)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正當(dang)性。只(zhi)有(you)經過這一(yi)種(zhong)價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探討，公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)才(cai)真正體現出其公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性，為公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)益服務(wu)而(er)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為某個(ge)(ge)人、某些(xie)利(li)益團體服務(wu)，否則(ze)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)異化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)。所以公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)研(yan)究在這兩個(ge)(ge)方面(mian)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)當(dang)同等地重視。

二、研究公共政策(ce)的現(xian)實倫理意義

加強公共政策倫理基礎研究(jiu)是提高執政能力的必然性要求。

首先(xian)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)倫(lun)理研究(jiu)有(you)(you)助于提高政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府與(yu)執(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)能力(li)(li)(li)，因而有(you)(you)助于加強執(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)能力(li)(li)(li)建設(she)。在這里，我們將政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)能力(li)(li)(li)定義為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府或執(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)通過公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制定、維護與(yu)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)，為(wei)社會公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治生活(huo)提供公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)產品與(yu)服務，建構社會公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)秩序(xu)(xu)，整(zheng)合代(dai)表不同(tong)利(li)益(yi)(yi)需要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會力(li)(li)(li)量，進(jin)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治、經濟、文化(hua)(hua)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)(li)(li)。一(yi)項政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)只有(you)(you)真正(zheng)表達了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益(yi)(yi)需要(yao)與(yu)追求(qiu)，才(cai)可(ke)以(yi)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)認可(ke)，并對公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)形(xing)成感(gan)召力(li)(li)(li)；一(yi)項政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)只有(you)(you)從公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)利(li)益(yi)(yi)出發，才(cai)真正(zheng)算是回應了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)要(yao)求(qiu)；一(yi)項政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)也只有(you)(you)具(ju)(ju)(ju)備(bei)了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)性，真正(zheng)體現了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)要(yao)求(qiu)，實現了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平，才(cai)可(ke)以(yi)與(yu)不同(tong)利(li)益(yi)(yi)要(yao)求(qiu)達成理性的(de)(de)(de)(de)協調，才(cai)具(ju)(ju)(ju)備(bei)了整(zheng)合公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)力(li)(li)(li)量，建構公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)生活(huo)秩序(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)(li)(li)。所以(yi)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)能力(li)(li)(li)與(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)性、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)性是分(fen)不開(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)倫(lun)理研究(jiu)就是要(yao)論證公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)當性、合法性以(yi)及(ji)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)中(zhong)所應有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)倫(lun)理內(nei)涵，以(yi)防止公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)異化(hua)(hua)成為(wei)社會中(zhong)部(bu)分(fen)成員或團體謀(mou)利(li)益(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工具(ju)(ju)(ju)。從這個(ge)(ge)意義上(shang)可(ke)以(yi)說，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)倫(lun)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)也是提高政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府與(yu)執(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)能力(li)(li)(li)研究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)部(bu)分(fen)。

其次(ci)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)倫理(li)(li)(li)研究有(you)利(li)于提高(gao)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi)識與(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)念，也有(you)助于提高(gao)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)執(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)能力(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)市場經(jing)濟條件下，民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)度(du)建(jian)設(she)是(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)執(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨執(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)能力(li)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個重要內容(rong)(rong)，只(zhi)有(you)加強民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)度(du)建(jian)設(she)，允許并接(jie)納(na)公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)國(guo)家(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)生(sheng)活，保障(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)利(li)，才可以(yi)將(jiang)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會力(li)量整合到(dao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化建(jian)設(she)之中(zhong)，形(xing)成(cheng)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)秩序(xu)(xu)，提升(sheng)執(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)能力(li)。民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本質是(shi)(shi)(shi)“一種社會管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)該體(ti)制(zhi)中(zhong)社會成(cheng)員大(da)體(ti)能直接(jie)或間接(jie)地(di)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)或可以(yi)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)影響(xiang)全體(ti)成(cheng)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決策(ce)(ce)。”[3]（P10）民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)要實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)當(dang)家(jia)作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)當(dang)家(jia)作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)并不意(yi)(yi)味著人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)直接(jie)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)到(dao)國(guo)家(jia)與(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日常管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，其主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要形(xing)式是(shi)(shi)(shi)通過對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)而，如何(he)理(li)(li)(li)解(jie)公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)權利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值，創(chuang)建(jian)制(zhi)度(du)保障(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權利(li)與(yu)(yu)(yu)意(yi)(yi)愿(yuan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)度(du)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心內容(rong)(rong)。現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)初創(chuang)之時，韋伯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)性主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義官僚制(zhi)度(du)，“專家(jia)治(zhi)國(guo)”在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)一時期擁有(you)絕(jue)對(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua)語權力(li)。當(dang)然，理(li)(li)(li)性主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義公(gong)(gong)(gong)共行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)對(dui)(dui)于如何(he)達到(dao)具(ju)(ju)體(ti)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)目(mu)標(biao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)意(yi)(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)，工(gong)具(ju)(ju)理(li)(li)(li)性對(dui)(dui)價值理(li)(li)(li)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遮蔽(bi)可能危(wei)及到(dao)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。一旦(dan)理(li)(li)(li)性只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)單向度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)理(li)(li)(li)性，就會造(zao)成(cheng)兩方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡果：一方(fang)面(mian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)具(ju)(ju)理(li)(li)(li)性主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指引下，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)決策(ce)(ce)者(zhe)與(yu)(yu)(yu)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)只(zhi)對(dui)(dui)手段負責，只(zhi)要手段可以(yi)達到(dao)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就可以(yi)證(zheng)明其合法性，至于這(zhe)一目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否合理(li)(li)(li)，當(dang)價值判斷(duan)被(bei)無情地(di)排斥時，無疑易導致“專家(jia)沒(mei)有(you)靈魂、官僚沒(mei)有(you)心肝”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡果；另一方(fang)面(mian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)“專家(jia)治(zhi)國(guo)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)念致使技術(shu)專家(jia)與(yu)(yu)(yu)技術(shu)官僚包(bao)打天下，“一般公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)即(ji)使透過最‘民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)’的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程序(xu)(xu)，頂多只(zhi)能在(zai)(zai)(zai)不同(tong)技術(shu)專家(jia)與(yu)(yu)(yu)官僚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決策(ce)(ce)方(fang)案中(zhong)作出別無選擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇。”[4]（P409）

公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)倫(lun)理(li)(li)研(yan)究(jiu)從(cong)價值理(li)(li)性之維(wei)度(du)，張揚公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)價值理(li)(li)念(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)倫(lun)理(li)(li)精(jing)神，強調政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)制定與(yu)(yu)(yu)執行過(guo)程的(de)(de)倫(lun)理(li)(li)考量，強調對政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)目標的(de)(de)倫(lun)理(li)(li)追(zhui)問(wen)，就是要(yao)(yao)強調公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾認可性與(yu)(yu)(yu)接受性，強調公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)性，這(zhe)也就要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)制定與(yu)(yu)(yu)執行過(guo)程中，尊(zun)重(zhong)民(min)意，吸納民(min)眾的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。更為重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)是，公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)程序正(zheng)義(yi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)活動堅持(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)開、公(gong)(gong)(gong)平與(yu)(yu)(yu)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)，保(bao)障公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)的(de)(de)人格尊(zun)嚴(yan)，這(zhe)些理(li)(li)念(nian)是現代民(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治建設不可缺少的(de)(de)理(li)(li)念(nian)。所以(yi)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)倫(lun)理(li)(li)研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)一些理(li)(li)念(nian)對于(yu)民(min)主政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治建設極(ji)有裨益(yi)(yi)，因而也對如何在新(xin)時期提高(gao)執政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)能力具(ju)有重(zhong)大意義(yi)。

公(gong)共(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)策是政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)的(de)命脈，公(gong)共(gong)政(zheng)(zheng)策必須體(ti)現廣(guang)大人民的(de)利益。只有從公(gong)共(gong)性出發，堅持以(yi)公(gong)共(gong)利益為(wei)導向，按(an)照公(gong)平與公(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)的(de)要求，進行政(zheng)(zheng)策革新(xin)，使(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)策真(zhen)正(zheng)(zheng)順乎民意(yi)，合乎民情，才(cai)可以(yi)真(zhen)正(zheng)(zheng)維護民眾(zhong)利益，才(cai)可以(yi)實現社會的(de)和(he)諧發展。

注釋：

［1］張康之．公共政策過程中科學與價(jia)值統合(he)［J］．江蘇社會科學．

篇5

中圖分類號(hao)：DF414文獻標識碼： A 文章編號(hao)：

商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)體(ti)是一(yi)(yi)種現(xian)代商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)建筑形(xing)(xing)式,其通(tong)常(chang)以(yi)(yi)當(dang)代城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)表現(xian)形(xing)(xing)式為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎,在一(yi)(yi)組(zu)或一(yi)(yi)幢建筑范圍內營造出一(yi)(yi)個(ge)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)性商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)服(fu)務環境(jing),此乃商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能組(zu)織原則。一(yi)(yi)般而(er)言,商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)體(ti)建筑不(bu)以(yi)(yi)規(gui)模大小(xiao)或內部功(gong)(gong)能為(wei)(wei)界定標準(zhun),而(er)是以(yi)(yi)建筑群或單(dan)幢建筑內部功(gong)(gong)能組(zu)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)性和彼此互動關系(xi)為(wei)(wei)界定標準(zhun)。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)選址通(tong)常(chang)為(wei)(wei)服(fu)務半徑(jing)最大、與城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)生(sheng)活(huo)聯系(xi)最緊密的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)鬧市(shi)區，其建筑形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)往往能直接影響到(dao)或反(fan)映出某個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)風(feng)貌。大量研(yan)究資料顯示,商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)體(ti)是現(xian)今中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)風(feng)貌形(xing)(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)關鍵推動力。本文就城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)文化意象(xiang)展開(kai)討論,以(yi)(yi)期(qi)優化我國城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)設計思(si)路(lu)。

一、從時尚角度剖析城(cheng)市中(zhong)心商業綜(zong)合體的文化意象——時尚意象

所謂時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)，它是(shi)(shi)指城市中心商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合體(ti)(ti)以建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形式、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結構、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)內容為載體(ti)(ti)，體(ti)(ti)現(xian)自身(shen)特(te)(te)性(xing)、表(biao)達時(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)特(te)(te)征、塑(su)造形象(xiang)競爭力、傳達信息、協調現(xian)代(dai)社(she)會(hui)生活與消費(fei)場(chang)所個(ge)性(xing)化(hua)(hua)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)當代(dai)大(da)(da)眾(zhong)文化(hua)(hua)與消費(fei)文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)性(xing)特(te)(te)征，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)也是(shi)(shi)當代(dai)社(she)會(hui)和諧共存與個(ge)性(xing)化(hua)(hua)消費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)(bi)(bi)然(ran)要求。針(zhen)對時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)本質(zhi),《時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)哲學》曾這樣(yang)描述(shu)：“時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)通常(chang)僅被(bei)特(te)(te)定人群的(de)(de)(de)少部(bu)分人所接受和運用,而該特(te)(te)定人群的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)部(bu)分人始終走(zou)在接受時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)路途。如果某一(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)被(bei)大(da)(da)眾(zhong)所接受，其(qi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)然(ran)會(hui)喪失其(qi)本質(zhi)，其(qi)中時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展壯大(da)(da)會(hui)與時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)獨立性(xing)相互(hu)抵消,即時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展壯大(da)(da)必(bi)(bi)(bi)然(ran)引起其(qi)自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)滅亡。”城市中心商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合體(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)消費(fei)文化(hua)(hua)空間(jian)形式的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)現(xian)實表(biao)象(xiang),其(qi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)然(ran)存在諸多時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征,但建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong) “商(shang)品(pin)”的(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)殊形式，其(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)達手(shou)法必(bi)(bi)(bi)須有所區別。由(you)此可見,商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)存在某種(zhong)特(te)(te)殊性(xing),具體(ti)(ti)情況如下(xia):

(一)商業(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合體(ti)(ti)(ti)是商品(pin)(pin)(pin)擺放與商品(pin)(pin)(pin)銷售的空(kong)間,則必須通過最大(da)化展示消(xiao)費品(pin)(pin)(pin)的自(zi)身(shen)特(te)性(xing)來(lai)激起消(xiao)費者的消(xiao)費欲望,換(huan)而言之,商業(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合體(ti)(ti)(ti)的時尚(shang)意(yi)象(xiang)要求突出(chu)(chu)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)的 “附加(jia)價值(zhi)”或產品(pin)(pin)(pin)的符號性(xing)。由此(ci)可見,商業(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合體(ti)(ti)(ti)的設(she)計(ji)必須選(xuan)擇某些靈活性(xing)的空(kong)間形式,以便(bian)滿足裝修與裝飾(shi)對空(kong)間環(huan)境的需求及市(shi)場變化對商業(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合體(ti)(ti)(ti)建筑(zhu)使(shi)(shi)用效能的需求。其次,商業(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合體(ti)(ti)(ti)必須能使(shi)(shi)商品(pin)(pin)(pin)的象(xiang)征符號意(yi)義(yi)被充分展示出(chu)(chu)來(lai),具體(ti)(ti)(ti)做(zuo)法是預留出(chu)(chu)足夠的空(kong)間展示招(zhao)貼畫、基于現代多媒體(ti)(ti)(ti)技術的動態影像等廣告，由此(ci)體(ti)(ti)(ti)現出(chu)(chu)商業(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合體(ti)(ti)(ti)的時尚(shang)意(yi)象(xiang)。

圖1-1BCE商(shang)業綜合體(ti)

(二(er))商(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體(ti)的(de)另一時(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)表達形式(shi)為(wei)建筑(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)型,其中商(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體(ti)時(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)的(de)營造(zao)(zao)(zao)對建筑(zhu)風格(ge)(ge)沒有特定(ding)的(de)要求,即(ji)古(gu)典主義(yi)的(de)建筑(zhu)風格(ge)(ge)、現代主義(yi)的(de)建筑(zhu)風格(ge)(ge)、后現代主義(yi)的(de)建筑(zhu)風格(ge)(ge)皆可(ke)營造(zao)(zao)(zao)出適宜(yi)的(de)時(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)。由(you)此(ci)(ci)可(ke)見,商(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體(ti)建筑(zhu)設計的(de)終(zhong)極(ji)目(mu)標應為(wei):以建筑(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)型的(de)塑造(zao)(zao)(zao)為(wei)手段(duan),營造(zao)(zao)(zao)出極(ji)富戲劇感和時(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)感的(de)空(kong)間形式(shi)和空(kong)間感受(shou)，其具(ju)體(ti)做法(fa)如下：采(cai)用現代建筑(zhu)施工(gong)技術,把商(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體(ti)的(de)局部區域設計成(cheng)(cheng)尺度較大(da)的(de)空(kong)間形式(shi),由(you)此(ci)(ci)通過獨具(ju)魅力的(de)建筑(zhu)結構營造(zao)(zao)(zao)出一種意(yi)(yi)想不到的(de)空(kong)間效果(guo)（見圖1-1）；采(cai)用彩色涂料、金屬或玻璃等材料的(de)組(zu)合(he)(he)，由(you)此(ci)(ci)形成(cheng)(cheng)質感強(qiang)烈的(de)建筑(zhu)表皮(pi)，消(xiao)除或加強(qiang)建筑(zhu)體(ti)量，并營造(zao)(zao)(zao)出某種時(shi)(shi)尚(shang)(shang)意(yi)(yi)象(xiang)；采(cai)用綠化形式(shi)的(de)立體(ti)組(zu)合(he)(he)，把商(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體(ti)打造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)一個森(sen)林般(ban)的(de)綠地(di)環境，由(you)此(ci)(ci)營造(zao)(zao)(zao)出一種生態型的(de)空(kong)間氛(fen)圍。

二、從情(qing)感角(jiao)度(du)解析城市中心(xin)商業綜合(he)體的文(wen)化(hua)意象——情(qing)感意象

所謂(wei)情(qing)(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)意(yi)象(xiang)，它是(shi)指商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)所承(cheng)(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)“閑暇”消(xiao)(xiao)費功(gong)能，即商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)能夠為城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)居住者營造出一個釋放情(qing)(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)(qing)緒(xu)化氛圍。當代商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)商(shang)(shang)品交易與流(liu)動的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)費空(kong)間(jian)(jian)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)和城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)眾(zhong)情(qing)(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)宣泄的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)，換(huan)而言之(zhi)，商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)可以(yi)為城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)眾(zhong)提供(gong)物質消(xiao)(xiao)費的(de)(de)(de)場所和閑暇時光消(xiao)(xiao)費的(de)(de)(de)場所。商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)意(yi)象(xiang)繼承(cheng)(cheng)了城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳統(tong)文化中“節日(ri)”的(de)(de)(de)某些意(yi)象(xiang)，而我(wo)國城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)需要嚴(yan)肅(su)的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)美情(qing)(qing)(qing)緒(xu)與審(shen)美能力及基于“節日(ri)”意(yi)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)情(qing)(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)宣泄氛圍。盡管當代商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)社會協調功(gong)能已被大(da)(da)幅度(du)削減，但商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)必須承(cheng)(cheng)擔城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)眾(zhong)情(qing)(qing)(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)協調空(kong)間(jian)(jian)。正因如此，現代商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)內部往往設(she)有游戲廳(ting)或(huo)影劇院等文化娛(yu)樂設(she)施，亦或(huo)把大(da)(da)型游樂設(she)施整合(he)(he)(he)(he)到商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)內部。這樣一來，城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中心(xin)(xin)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)可為城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)眾(zhong)同時提供(gong)購物場所和休閑場所，此正如帕克所言：“城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)一種心(xin)(xin)理狀(zhuang)態，是(shi)一個集(ji)傳統(tong)與禮俗(su)為一體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)(ti)(ti)，是(shi)傳統(tong)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)情(qing)(qing)(qing)與思想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)結晶。”

現代商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)通常可為(wei)城(cheng)市(shi)大(da)(da)眾提供靜思審美的(de)(de)空間。城(cheng)市(shi)中心商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)內部通常設有博物(wu)館、文(wen)化(hua)館、音(yin)樂(le)廳等文(wen)化(hua)設施，其(qi)通過與商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)內部的(de)(de)其(qi)他設施相融合(he)，更能被城(cheng)市(shi)普通大(da)(da)眾所接(jie)受，由此(ci)體(ti)現出更大(da)(da)的(de)(de)藝術社會價值和更高的(de)(de)使用(yong)效率(lv)。總體(ti)而言，商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)是順(shun)應城(cheng)市(shi)生活感性需求(qiu)的(de)(de)必然(ran)產物(wu)，其(qi)主要以消遣性、娛樂(le)性、休閑性為(wei)屬性；以訴諸直觀、、情(qing)趣為(wei)目(mu)的(de)(de)。

三、從(cong)公共角度解(jie)析(xi)城市(shi)中(zhong)心商業綜合體的(de)文(wen)化意象(xiang)——公共意象(xiang)

所(suo)謂公(gong)共(gong)意象(xiang)，它是(shi)指城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)活經商(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)連(lian)接(jie)到(dao)一起，由此產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)共(gong)活動、社(she)會(hui)(hui)交流行為、公(gong)共(gong)文(wen)化要素相互交融(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。現(xian)代商(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)大眾公(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心場所(suo)，其已(yi)成(cheng)為城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)和公(gong)共(gong)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要組(zu)成(cheng)成(cheng)分。商(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)建(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)量較大，其內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)往往設有公(gong)共(gong)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)，此類(lei)核(he)心空(kong)間(jian)(jian)通常(chang)以內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)街道、廣(guang)場形式表達出來(lai)。一般而言，商(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)核(he)心空(kong)間(jian)(jian)皆具備如(ru)下功(gong)(gong)能：連(lian)接(jie)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有關功(gong)(gong)能區塊(kuai)，即把各功(gong)(gong)能區塊(kuai)連(lian)接(jie)成(cheng)一個有機的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，由此形成(cheng)建(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)量核(he)心；組(zu)織商(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)人流的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動，由此發揮(hui)聚(ju)散(san)核(he)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能。由此可見，商(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)意象(xiang)可直接(jie)影響消(xiao)費者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)公(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)活態度及對(dui)該商(shang)業(ye)(ye)綜(zong)合(he)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)感受（見圖3-1）。

圖片說明：多(duo)倫(lun)多(duo)伊(yi)頓中心(xin)室內(nei)由(you)一(yi)座透明體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)過街天(tian)橋把(ba)伊(yi)頓中心(xin)與另(ling)一(yi)購物(wu)中心(xin)連接到一(yi)起，由(you)此(ci)(ci)把(ba)多(duo)倫(lun)多(duo)伊(yi)頓中心(xin)與加拿大(da)著名的(de)(de)(de)百貨公(gong)司彼此(ci)(ci)貫通(tong)，由(you)此(ci)(ci)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)出(chu)商業綜合體(ti)(ti)內(nei)部核(he)心(xin)空間所(suo)具備的(de)(de)(de)兩大(da)功(gong)能(neng)：連接商業綜合體(ti)(ti)內(nei)部有關功(gong)能(neng)區塊(kuai)，即把(ba)各(ge)功(gong)能(neng)區塊(kuai)連接成一(yi)個有機的(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)(ti)，由(you)此(ci)(ci)形成建筑的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)量(liang)核(he)心(xin)；組織商業綜合體(ti)(ti)內(nei)部人流的(de)(de)(de)活動，由(you)此(ci)(ci)發(fa)揮聚散(san)核(he)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)。

圖(tu)3-1多倫多伊(yi)頓中心室(shi)內(nei)

針對(dui)城市中心(xin)商業綜(zong)合體(ti)公共意象的表達手法(fa)，本如下闡(chan)述：

（一）突出商(shang)業綜合體(ti)公共空間(jian)的秩序(xu)性、整體(ti)性、愉悅性、識(shi)別性

城(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)心商(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜合(he)(he)體(ti)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)自身應當具(ju)備(bei)超長的(de)(de)尺(chi)度、充沛的(de)(de)光照、鮮明的(de)(de)色彩等(deng)諸多能夠激起大眾興奮(fen)感(gan)的(de)(de)特征，其中(zhong)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)活(huo)動(dong)的(de)(de)安排(pai)必須滿足(zu)如(ru)下內容：可(ke)(ke)關(guan)注的(de)(de)條件，即視線(xian)角度方面可(ke)(ke)確保(bao)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)與商(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜合(he)(he)體(ti)整體(ti)結構保(bao)持暢通(tong)；可(ke)(ke)關(guan)注的(de)(de)對象，即雕塑或(huo)音樂噴泉等(deng)人(ren)工景觀與商(shang)(shang)品宣(xuan)傳(chuan)或(huo)文(wen)藝表演(yan)等(deng)人(ren)類活(huo)動(dong)。與此(ci)同時，現(xian)代城(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)心商(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜合(he)(he)體(ti)必須突出城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)與公(gong)共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)緊密關(guan)系，其中(zhong)現(xian)代商(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜合(he)(he)體(ti)通(tong)常把公(gong)共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)安排(pai)到建筑物的(de)(de)某一側面，由此(ci)以半開放或(huo)灰(hui)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)界面形式(shi)實現(xian)向城(cheng)市(shi)過渡(du)，此(ci)種設計手(shou)法(fa)提高了城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)與公(gong)共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)緊密程度及(ji)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜合(he)(he)體(ti)內部空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)利(li)用(yong)率。

（二）商業(ye)綜合體的(de)公共意(yi)象要求(qiu)突出(chu)人性尺度(du)的(de)部分

城(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)核心(xin)(xin)通常(chang)為(wei)(wei)聚會(hui)或觀演等大(da)型交往活動的(de)(de)(de)場所，而商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體應考慮(lv)為(wei)(wei)人們私密的(de)(de)(de)交流行(xing)為(wei)(wei)營造一種(zhong)適(shi)宜的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間形態(tai)，此乃城(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體設計(ji)必須考慮(lv)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容，其(qi)具(ju)體條(tiao)件(jian)包(bao)括：隨處布設座(zuo)椅、設置可沐浴到(dao)陽光的(de)(de)(de)挑臺、充(chong)分利用綠化(hua)空(kong)(kong)間邊緣(yuan)等。實(shi)踐證實(shi)，上述(shu)條(tiao)件(jian)皆(jie)對創設商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體內(nei)部公(gong)共(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)多樣性非(fei)常(chang)有(you)利。由此可見，現代商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體是(shi)一種(zhong)能夠激(ji)起興奮情緒的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間形式(shi)，其(qi)可為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)市(shi)大(da)眾營造出一種(zhong)悠閑、舒適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間氛(fen)圍(wei)。城(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體屬公(gong)共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)間，其(qi)與(yu)傳統的(de)(de)(de)街道與(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)廣場間存在著(zhu)很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別，具(ju)體表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)：城(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體被定性為(wei)(wei)具(ju)備明確社會(hui)所屬權的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)間，亦屬被私有(you)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)間，且其(qi)對城(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際意義是(shi)城(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體設計(ji)與(yu)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要標(biao)準。

四、從地(di)域角度解析(xi)城市中心商業綜合體的文化意象——地(di)域意象

所謂地(di)域(yu)意(yi)象，它(ta)是指(zhi)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)商業綜(zong)合體通過多種(zhong)地(di)域(yu)特(te)征表達手(shou)法來實現城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)空間(jian)歷史脈(mo)絡(luo)的(de)延(yan)續、地(di)方(fang)文化(hua)特(te)色的(de)傳(chuan)承。城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)商業綜(zong)合體必然受到(dao)地(di)域(yu)性(xing)特(te)征和民(min)族(zu)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)影(ying)響，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)商業綜(zong)合體的(de)地(di)域(yu)意(yi)象是地(di)域(yu)性(xing)文化(hua)與全球性(xing)文化(hua)交融共(gong)存環境中(zhong)確(que)保(bao)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)獨特(te)風貌的(de)關鍵所在，這正(zheng)如(ru)內斯托所言：“任何(he)富有歷史內涵的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)建(jian)筑物(wu)皆為(wei)不同歷史階段空間(jian)形態(tai)的(de)交叉連接(jie)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)體現著某種(zhong)互文性(xing)。”

圖片說明：浙(zhe)江寧波天(tian)一(yi)廣場(chang)(chang)地處城市中心繁(fan)華商(shang)業街，其主(zhu)要由(you)一(yi)個中心廣場(chang)(chang)和(he)十(shi)個大型商(shang)業區(qu)組(zu)成(cheng)。天(tian)一(yi)廣場(chang)(chang)的設(she)計(ji)采用(yong)了城市設(she)計(ji)理念，且特別注(zhu)重周邊環境與整體(ti)效果的相互協調。天(tian)一(yi)廣場(chang)(chang)四周的主(zhu)體(ti)建筑主(zhu)要由(you)一(yi)些風(feng)格(ge)迥異、獨具(ju)特色的低矮建筑群組(zu)成(cheng)，由(you)此形成(cheng)了浙(zhe)江寧波獨特的風(feng)格(ge)和(he)符號系統(tong)，此乃(nai)一(yi)種基(ji)于(yu)傳統(tong)建筑符號系統(tong)的新創(chuang)作手(shou)法(fa)。

圖4-1浙江寧波天一廣場

一(yi)般(ban)而言，社(she)(she)會(hui)對城(cheng)市名片和(he)城(cheng)市地標作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)認(ren)可(ke)很大程度上受到城(cheng)市中心商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合體(ti)地域(yu)意(yi)象的(de)影(ying)響，其中商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合體(ti)的(de)地域(yu)意(yi)象具體(ti)表現為：眾多(duo)商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合體(ti)被(bei)選(xuan)建(jian)到傳(chuan)統商(shang)業(ye)地段，且該(gai)地段已被(bei)社(she)(she)會(hui)和(he)大眾所認(ren)可(ke)，則商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合體(ti)設計(ji)必須充分尊重或(huo)考(kao)慮此地段的(de)空間信息(xi)，即采(cai)取一(yi)種基于(yu)空間歷史(shi)延(yan)續性的(de)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)手法；城(cheng)市建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)類(lei)型經(jing)長時間的(de)沉淀已經(jing)成就了獨特的(de)符號系(xi)統和(he)風格，盡(jin)管此類(lei)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)符號有悖(bei)現今社(she)(she)會(hui)大眾的(de)需要，但完全可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)一(yi)種基于(yu)傳(chuan)統建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)符號系(xi)統的(de)新(xin)(xin)建(jian)材和(he)新(xin)(xin)手法，以(yi)達到應有的(de)效果（見圖4-1）。

結束語

綜(zong)上(shang)所述，城市中心商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體(ti)是一種商(shang)業(ye)建筑形式，其直(zhi)接關乎到所在(zai)城市的(de)(de)商(shang)業(ye)運行水平、公共生(sheng)活(huo)質(zhi)量(liang)和生(sheng)活(huo)品味等。研究證實，若從文化價值角(jiao)度考慮(lv)城市中心商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體(ti)的(de)(de)價值，從文化意象(xiang)角(jiao)度設計城市中心商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體(ti)，我國城市中心商(shang)業(ye)綜(zong)合(he)(he)體(ti)的(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)與利用現(xian)狀必會(hui)得到很大改觀，同(tong)時我國城市空間(jian)結構的(de)(de)調整與商(shang)業(ye)運行效(xiao)率的(de)(de)提(ti)高等皆可由此得以實現(xian)。

參考文獻:

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篇6

本文作(zuo)者：陳玉君(jun)工作(zuo)單(dan)位：通大(da)學(xue)政治學(xue)院

公共價(jia)值(zhi)觀是公民道德(de)教育的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內容

公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)指(zhi)向公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)，培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)健(jian)全(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)和(he)(he)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)感(gan)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)確(que)地選(xuan)擇、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動，承擔(dan)(dan)(dan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)該以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)、正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)格(ge)，培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活客(ke)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)當(dang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)、促(cu)進公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)踐(jian)(jian)履方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不可推卸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)。現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文明社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凝(ning)聚力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)）和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)歸屬感(gan)，如(ru)(ru)果沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)，社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)秩序(xu)難以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)維(wei)系(xi)(xi)(xi)、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)文明難以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)發展(zhan)(zhan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)(ci)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)，通過(guo)(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，使得(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)、理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)地認(ren)(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)恰(qia)當(dang)地采取(qu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、良(liang)序(xu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)不但(dan)享(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)且要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)承擔(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)。換(huan)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)對(dui)(dui)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)意(yi)識，需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。應(ying)該說(shuo)，啟蒙運動開啟近(jin)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時，再一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)開啟了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)自(zi)身(shen)(shen)(shen)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)智的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)量。理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)當(dang)著(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)認(ren)(ren)識自(zi)身(shen)(shen)(shen)、設定(ding)(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)奠基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)(ren)務(wu)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，伴隨著(zhu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)科技、工(gong)(gong)業以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秩序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顛覆，理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)淪為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)追求功利(li)(li)、達(da)到目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)段(duan)。理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)效(xiao)果最(zui)大化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)支配與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)量。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。這(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)任(ren)(ren)何(he)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、國(guo)家(jia)(jia)都能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，如(ru)(ru)羅爾(er)斯(si)(si)所(suo)(suo)言(yan)，“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)特(te)征(zheng)。它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那(nei)(nei)些(xie)(xie)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)平(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)身(shen)(shen)(shen)份的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。他(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)善(shan)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)乃政(zheng)治正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)對(dui)(dui)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)制(zhi)度(du)結構要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)制(zhi)度(du)所(suo)(suo)服(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)和(he)(he)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。”[5]公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)型(xing)(xing)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前(qian)提，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)志。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)應(ying)該能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)知道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)如(ru)(ru)何(he)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)(shen)份行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動、認(ren)(ren)肯合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)想。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)緊(jin)密結合(he)(he)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)且每(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)都可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)地期待(dai)他(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)由(you)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)平(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)身(shen)(shen)(shen)份與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)己對(dui)(dui)話、協(xie)商，取(qu)得(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)法、對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)釋。按(an)(an)照(zhao)(zhao)羅爾(er)斯(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，“第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，它具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)地規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)著(zhu)某些(xie)(xie)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)、自(zi)由(you)和(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)；第二，它賦(fu)予這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)、自(zi)由(you)和(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特(te)殊優先(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)普遍善(shan)和(he)(he)完善(shan)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優先(xian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；第三，它認(ren)(ren)肯各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)確(que)保著(zhu)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)能(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)自(zi)由(you)和(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充分并適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)段(duan)。”[6]這(zhe)三個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)羅爾(er)斯(si)(si)出(chu)(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論構建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)慮和(he)(he)他(ta)對(dui)(dui)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)。當(dang)我(wo)們(men)(men)從(cong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)視(shi)角理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)時，羅爾(er)斯(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)讀至(zhi)少向我(wo)們(men)(men)呈現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)蘊(yun)(yun)(yun)著(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)自(zi)由(you)權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)可共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)依(yi)賴于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)或(huo)者說(shuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)轉型(xing)(xing)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)至(zhi)關重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)使得(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時，需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)注(zhu)重培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)首(shou)(shou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)質———正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)質，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)古(gu)希(xi)臘得(de)(de)到了(le)應(ying)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重視(shi)。無論是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柏拉(la)圖還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亞(ya)里(li)士多(duo)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都十分強調正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)和(he)(he)城(cheng)邦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)亞(ya)里(li)士多(duo)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)言(yan)，正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)括(kuo)(kuo)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“完整德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直接應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。它之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總(zong)(zong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)擁有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)待(dai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不僅(jin)僅(jin)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)己。”[7]在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)涉及(ji)己與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)，我(wo)們(men)(men)如(ru)(ru)何(he)對(dui)(dui)待(dai)他(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題上(shang)(shang)，正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、首(shou)(shou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)質，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)終形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)型(xing)(xing)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)質意(yi)味(wei)著(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)必須首(shou)(shou)先(xian)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)羅爾(er)斯(si)(si)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)感(gan)”能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)按(an)(an)照(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動、調適行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)感(gan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)按(an)(an)照(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法則，作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)判斷和(he)(he)選(xuan)擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)感(gan)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)羅爾(er)斯(si)(si)所(suo)(suo)言(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，“按(an)(an)某種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)當(dang)原則行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起調節作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)欲望”[8]。它在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)根(gen)本(ben)(ben)(ben)上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)、運用(yong)(yong)和(he)(he)踐(jian)(jian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)合(he)(he)作(zuo)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特(te)征(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。”[9]正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)感(gan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)思想既(ji)(ji)蘊(yun)(yun)(yun)含(han)(han)著(zhu)對(dui)(dui)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)對(dui)(dui)其(qi)(qi)(qi)認(ren)(ren)可的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)，又蘊(yun)(yun)(yun)含(han)(han)著(zhu)對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)獨立人(ren)(ren)(ren)格(ge)和(he)(he)尊嚴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊重。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)通過(guo)(guo)參與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)考(kao)(kao)慮國(guo)家(jia)(jia)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)福(fu)祉與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)長遠利(li)(li)益(yi)，承擔(dan)(dan)(dan)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。我(wo)們(men)(men)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)羅爾(er)斯(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)論理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)論框(kuang)架和(he)(he)原初狀態下(xia)思考(kao)(kao)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)感(gan)問題，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)思考(kao)(kao)我(wo)們(men)(men)對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)該培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，且這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)讓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)感(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)(shou)先(xian)又表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)備基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)感(gan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，如(ru)(ru)果道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)非工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)推理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，使得(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)從(cong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)對(dui)(dui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)度(du)本(ben)(ben)(ben)身(shen)(shen)(shen)作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)批判；那(nei)(nei)么正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)既(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)和(he)(he)引導最(zui)終是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包含(han)(han)對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學習(xi)，了(le)解(jie)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)非程(cheng)序(xu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。受教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)判斷準則，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)才有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)合(he)(he)乎理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)地作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)判斷和(he)(he)選(xuan)擇。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)注(zhu)重公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)，還要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)使得(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)運用(yong)(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，反思公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)古(gu)典(dian)政(zheng)治哲學視(shi)域下(xia)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通過(guo)(guo)服(fu)務(wu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)邦共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)得(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)服(fu)從(cong)政(zheng)治共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)益(yi)。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)既(ji)(ji)各為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)所(suo)(suo)屬政(zheng)治體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)員，他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)格(ge)就(jiu)應(ying)該符合(he)(he)這(zhe)個(ge)政(zheng)治體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。”[10]隨著(zhu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)起和(he)(he)發展(zhan)(zhan)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)涵(han)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了(le)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉化(hua)。現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)包含(han)(han)了(le)更(geng)多(duo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、平(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)、權(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)務(wu)均衡等(deng)(deng)(deng)思想。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)羅爾(er)斯(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治哲學中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)展(zhan)(zhan)開。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)意(yi)味(wei)著(zhu)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信奉(feng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)承諾。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)型(xing)(xing)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)，它表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)秉持正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)，理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)序(xu)地通過(guo)(guo)審(shen)議、協(xie)商等(deng)(deng)(deng)形式增進共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)福(fu)祉，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)善(shan)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，我(wo)們(men)(men)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)看(kan)到，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)政(zheng)治文化(hua)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產物，它需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)通過(guo)(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)、法律、輿論、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)式培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)對(dui)(dui)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)感(gan)、信念(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)認(ren)(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。如(ru)(ru)果我(wo)們(men)(men)說(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)注(zhu)重禮儀與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，那(nei)(nei)么在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)我(wo)們(men)(men)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)將(jiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，進入公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)領域。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)靜態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)(shen)份認(ren)(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)問題，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)動態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)問題。關于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)特(te)征(zheng)，已有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)學者指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包涵(han)愛國(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)參與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)義(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)感(gan)、寬容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)文明禮貌。而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)政(zheng)治性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩大特(te)征(zheng)。”[11]至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)、特(te)征(zheng)概括(kuo)(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否準確(que)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)全(quan)面(mian)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)處(chu)不做(zuo)評價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。當(dang)我(wo)們(men)(men)從(cong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)反觀(guan)(guan)(guan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立場(chang)上(shang)(shang)看(kan)，我(wo)們(men)(men)就(jiu)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提出(chu)(chu)(chu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)必須關注(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)、培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，否則不但(dan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)流于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)形式，而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)且公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活也(ye)(ye)將(jiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)洞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、形同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)虛設。

公共價值觀在公民道德教育中的意義

面對(dui)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失落、道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滑坡、社(she)(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉型，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)通(tong)過(guo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)擔(dan)當起培(pei)(pei)養(yang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義(yi)務(wu)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)領域(yu)里，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認同、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)責任的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)擔(dan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)論與(yu)實(shi)踐問(wen)題。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)意義(yi)上(shang)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)意義(yi)。首先，如(ru)果(guo)我(wo)們(men)接受杜威的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)點，“全(quan)部教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)參與(yu)到本民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)意識(shi)中(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)社(she)(she)會(hui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，社(she)(she)會(hui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)由個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)。”[12]那么，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)”、“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)度性(xing)(xing)(xing)”、“普遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維度。通(tong)過(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，給予(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)以實(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)引導(dao)，形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)好(hao)(hao)(hao)與(yu)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)夠與(yu)他人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、社(she)(she)會(hui)和(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)處，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，應(ying)該(gai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)著(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)該(gai)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)這(zhe)種美(mei)(mei)好(hao)(hao)(hao)之所(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，并引導(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)走向這(zhe)種美(mei)(mei)好(hao)(hao)(hao)。其(qi)次，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支撐(cheng)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)(biao)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)其(qi)承(cheng)擔(dan)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)獨立(li)健(jian)全(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)(hao)(hao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)基礎上(shang)，培(pei)(pei)養(yang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)良好(hao)(hao)(hao)社(she)(she)會(hui)風尚(shang)(shang)。這(zhe)種公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)實(shi)踐中(zhong)表現(xian)(xian)為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)彼此(ci)(ci)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)等(deng)、關愛與(yu)合作(zuo)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)強(qiang)權、暴力和(he)(he)(he)不平(ping)等(deng)。文(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風尚(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)實(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品行(xing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)得以形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)發展。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)、文(wen)明道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風尚(shang)(shang)、社(she)(she)會(hui)倫(lun)理(li)(li)(li)精(jing)神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健(jian)康發展相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)不應(ying)該(gai)因追求形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善(shan)，而(er)(er)(er)(er)忽視了(le)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)本身所(suo)(suo)承(cheng)擔(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倫(lun)理(li)(li)(li)任務(wu)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)讓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)養(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)明辨是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)善(shan)惡(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)所(suo)(suo)指(zhi)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)領域(yu)中(zhong)理(li)(li)(li)解價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)容，并適(shi)時而(er)(er)(er)(er)理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)地作(zuo)出判斷和(he)(he)(he)選擇。再次，倡導(dao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)并不否定和(he)(he)(he)排除個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)私(si)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。但就(jiu)社(she)(she)會(hui)整體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)領域(yu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)言，價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)規范力量就(jiu)不僅僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，而(er)(er)(er)(er)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)社(she)(she)會(hui)中(zhong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)普遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確立(li)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有(you)(you)賴于(yu)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)環境和(he)(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引導(dao)。按照(zhao)亞里士多(duo)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa)，“最(zui)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心問(wen)題不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)調解相(xiang)互沖突(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、對(dui)政(zheng)治公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求，而(er)(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)美(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，因為美(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支柱。”[13]無論在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)古典(dian)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)代，教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)都起著(zhu)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)、塑造人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務(wu)。對(dui)于(yu)當下中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)言，其(qi)更是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)承(cheng)擔(dan)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)精(jing)神(shen)。最(zui)后，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)具(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)問(wen)題上(shang)，我(wo)們(men)還(huan)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)分析(xi)(xi)其(qi)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、可(ke)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)以及可(ke)操作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)、途徑。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方面，我(wo)們(men)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)審視傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)倫(lun)理(li)(li)(li)文(wen)化和(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)國(guo)當下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)處境，將關于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)論引入(ru)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系，尤其(qi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)引入(ru)學校的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方面，將公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)列入(ru)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍之內(nei)，進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步改進(jin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)準、完(wan)善(shan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)美(mei)(mei)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)。同時，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)可(ke)以采(cai)取生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)實(shi)踐教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、模擬實(shi)驗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)典(dian)型案例分析(xi)(xi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)等(deng)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)和(he)(he)(he)方法(fa)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)多(duo)元、文(wen)化多(duo)樣，相(xiang)對(dui)主義(yi)和(he)(he)(he)虛無主義(yi)盛(sheng)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時代，我(wo)們(men)比以往更呼喚一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種真正(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)精(jing)神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確立(li)。教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)獲得了(le)解放，但解放了(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)碎(sui)片(pian)和(he)(he)(he)單(dan)子，他們(men)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)凝聚在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)如(ru)何能(neng)(neng)突(tu)破當下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困境，為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確立(li)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)提供有(you)(you)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)論資(zi)源是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)值(zhi)得我(wo)們(men)繼續深入(ru)研究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。

篇7

一、 村莊公共空間與村民公共精神的概念

“公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)”一(yi)詞在不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)語境下其涵義也有所不同。本文所指的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)（也可(ke)以(yi)稱為(wei)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)領(ling)(ling)域(yu)）是(shi)(shi)相對于(yu)(yu)私(si)人領(ling)(ling)域(yu)和國(guo)家權力領(ling)(ling)域(yu)而言的(de)(de)(de)(de)。它描述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個介于(yu)(yu)私(si)人領(ling)(ling)域(yu)與國(guo)家權力領(ling)(ling)域(yu)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中間(jian)(jian)地帶，是(shi)(shi)“一(yi)個向所有公(gong)(gong)民(min)開放、由對話組(zu)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)、旨在形成公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)輿論、體現公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)理(li)性(xing)精(jing)神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，以(yi)大眾傳媒為(wei)主要運作(zuo)工具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)批(pi)判空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)”①。村莊公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)指在一(yi)個村莊的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍內，村民(min)獲取各種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)信息，進(jin)行(xing)批(pi)判式評論，合作(zuo)處理(li)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)事務(wu)，培育公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)神(shen)等行(xing)為(wei)和觀念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)。村莊公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在從(cong)眼(yan)前看是(shi)(shi)推動了村民(min)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流與合作(zuo)，從(cong)長遠(yuan)來看則是(shi)(shi)培育了這種(zhong)(zhong)交(jiao)流與合作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)根基——村民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)神(shen)。

公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)神是(shi)指(zhi)公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)個人超(chao)越(yue)自身利(li)(li)益，追求一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)整體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)益，由這(zhe)種(zhong)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)意(yi)識(shi)生發出(chu)對于公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)懷，以(yi)及積(ji)極(ji)參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。村(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)神是(shi)村(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)基于對村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)自覺認識(shi)而關(guan)(guan)注、參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)神，它要求村(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)必(bi)須(xu)具有主體(ti)(ti)意(yi)識(shi)和(he)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)意(yi)識(shi)。即一(yi)(yi)方面應(ying)具有一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識(shi)和(he)個體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨立精(jing)神；另一(yi)(yi)方面應(ying)具有一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)超(chao)越(yue)精(jing)神，善于超(chao)越(yue)個體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局限，把(ba)自己(ji)與(yu)(yu)(yu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)整體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)益與(yu)(yu)(yu)價值(zhi)聯系(xi)起來。具有公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)神的(de)(de)(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)體(ti)(ti)現出(chu)既(ji)獨立又(you)合作(zuo)，既(ji)有批判精(jing)神又(you)有守法意(yi)識(shi)，積(ji)極(ji)主動地關(guan)(guan)注、參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)務，促進(jin)(jin)其成員利(li)(li)益最大化的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)特征。例如參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)投票與(yu)(yu)(yu)選舉，參(can)與(yu)(yu)(yu)討論提出(chu)建議，對侵(qin)犯(fan)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)益和(he)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同價值(zhi)目標的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)理性(xing)地批判，與(yu)(yu)(yu)其他(ta)成員合作(zuo)以(yi)促進(jin)(jin)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同利(li)(li)益等(deng)等(deng)。村(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)神形成一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)社會資本(ben)，有力(li)地促進(jin)(jin)村(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)自治的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing)。

村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)是村(cun)(cun)(cun)民公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)精(jing)(jing)神產生(sheng)的土壤。如果沒有這樣的平臺，人們不能對包括自己(ji)事(shi)務在內的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)事(shi)務發言，久而久之他們就會失(shi)去關心(xin)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)利益(yi)的興趣，而退縮(suo)至“小(xiao)我”的狹小(xiao)天地之中，則村(cun)(cun)(cun)民的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)精(jing)(jing)神與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民意識也就無從(cong)談起。村(cun)(cun)(cun)民的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)精(jing)(jing)神是村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)的靈魂，沒有了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)精(jing)(jing)神的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)至多是信(xin)息的匯集地，它無法將村(cun)(cun)(cun)民凝(ning)聚在一起，從(cong)而無法合作來(lai)提升村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)福利。村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)村(cun)(cun)(cun)民的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)精(jing)(jing)神共(gong)同構成(cheng)了農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)活。

農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的公共生(sheng)活在改革開放以(yi)后(hou)發(fa)生(sheng)了(le)翻天覆(fu)地(di)地(di)變(bian)(bian)化，國(guo)家政(zheng)權開始從農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)社區逐漸后(hou)撤，村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)民主(zhu)自治(zhi)體制正在形成。在這個過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)的公共空間不斷拓展，村(cun)(cun)(cun)民的公共精神也得到了(le)進一步地(di)發(fa)展。通過(guo)對(dui)張高村(cun)(cun)(cun)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的走(zou)訪調查我們(men)也切實(shi)感(gan)受(shou)到了(le)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)社區治(zhi)理狀態發(fa)生(sheng)的變(bian)(bian)遷。

二、張高(gao)村(cun)公(gong)共生(sheng)活的現狀

村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊公(gong)共(gong)空間并不是物質性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)體，但它卻需要借助(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)現實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)載體得以存在(zai)(zai)。村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊公(gong)共(gong)空間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)載體是多種(zhong)(zhong)多樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它可(ke)以是一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)相對(dui)固定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特定(ding)空間，道口、集市、小商店、廣場都使人(ren)們(men)(men)聚會交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場所(suo)。進入(ru)張高村(cun)(cun)(cun)，經常可(ke)以在(zai)(zai)村(cun)(cun)(cun)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道口看到一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)老(lao)人(ren)三三兩兩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起，聊(liao)各種(zhong)(zhong)各樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話題，比如對(dui)老(lao)年人(ren)協會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見，村(cun)(cun)(cun)內路燈安裝存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題等等。在(zai)(zai)集市上(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)買菜賣菜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)(cun)民也會熱(re)情(qing)地與(yu)我(wo)們(men)(men)交談(tan)，從家(jia)中孩子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育問題延伸到對(dui)國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教育政(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法，家(jia)庭瑣事(shi)(shi)，國家(jia)大事(shi)(shi)，無(wu)所(suo)不包。這便構(gou)成了一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)最初(chu)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)空間形(xing)式(shi)，也是人(ren)們(men)(men)進行交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最為簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)。

村(cun)莊(zhuang)公共(gong)空(kong)間還可(ke)以借助(zhu)于某種(zhong)人際交往來(lai)(lai)形成，如(ru)以村(cun)落(luo)內(nei)部的(de)紅白喜事(shi)(shi)為(wei)載體的(de)人情往來(lai)(lai)。當今村(cun)莊(zhuang)的(de)紅白喜事(shi)(shi)的(de)規模越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)大，“事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)不(bu)需要(yao)發出邀(yao)請(qing)，凡知道(dao)消息的(de)人家(jia)大都會(hui)自(zi)覺地(di)派代表參加”②。在張(zhang)(zhang)高村(cun)，遇到紅白喜事(shi)(shi)，除了(le)到事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)家(jia)幫忙張(zhang)(zhang)羅，人們還通過隨份子來(lai)(lai)表達自(zi)己的(de)心(xin)意，少的(de)五十元，多的(de)幾百元不(bu)等。一方(fang)(fang)面增進(jin)了(le)感情，另(ling)一方(fang)(fang)面也為(wei)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)籌措了(le)必要(yao)的(de)經費。在這樣的(de)一種(zhong)場(chang)合，大家(jia)除了(le)單純的(de)慶祝(zhu)和哀悼還獲得了(le)一個溝(gou)通交流(liu)的(de)極佳的(de)機會(hui)。而這種(zhong)公共(gong)空(kong)間由(you)于人數眾(zhong)多，談(tan)論話題(ti)也比較(jiao)廣泛深入。

此(ci)外，各類(lei)民間(jian)(jian)組織的(de)(de)(de)自主(zhu)活(huo)動構成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)張高(gao)村(cun)(cun)(cun)公(gong)共(gong)生活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)載體(ti)，給(gei)村(cun)(cun)(cun)民參(can)(can)與提供了(le)(le)(le)(le)公(gong)共(gong)活(huo)動空間(jian)(jian)。近幾(ji)年，張高(gao)村(cun)(cun)(cun)先后成(cheng)立(li)了(le)(le)(le)(le)水(shui)杏合作(zuo)社(she)(she)、香椿(chun)合作(zuo)社(she)(she)、老(lao)年人協會等民間(jian)(jian)組織。盡管(guan)在組織上(shang)和程序上(shang)還不是那(nei)么規范，但(dan)這(zhe)些組織的(de)(de)(de)建立(li)無疑(yi)拓展了(le)(le)(le)(le)村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)空間(jian)(jian)，并且對(dui)村(cun)(cun)(cun)民有了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)公(gong)共(gong)精神的(de)(de)(de)啟蒙教育。這(zhe)些民間(jian)(jian)組織是較高(gao)層次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)空間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)形式。通過它(ta)們，村(cun)(cun)(cun)民可(ke)以獲得最直接的(de)(de)(de)參(can)(can)與管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)實踐經驗，培養團結與合作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)精神。拿老(lao)年人協會來說，自去年成(cheng)立(li)以來它(ta)開展了(le)(le)(le)(le)豐富多彩的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)活(huo)動，成(cheng)為村(cun)(cun)(cun)民討論的(de)(de)(de)中心話題之一(yi)(yi)。這(zhe)些活(huo)動包括：

1、參與村(cun)(cun)內公共事(shi)務的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)。就(jiu)修建路燈一事(shi)，老年人協(xie)會做(zuo)了(le)(le)大量的(de)(de)工作(zuo)。協(xie)會的(de)(de)理(li)事(shi)就(jiu)路燈在村(cun)(cun)子的(de)(de)設(she)置地點，電費的(de)(de)收繳，路燈安裝后的(de)(de)維護等問(wen)題(ti)進行了(le)(le)大量的(de)(de)磋(cuo)商。此外(wai)，協(xie)會還對飲用水源問(wen)題(ti)，沼氣(qi)建設(she)問(wen)題(ti)等提(ti)出(chu)了(le)(le)建設(she)性的(de)(de)意見。

2、開展文(wen)娛活(huo)動。文(wen)藝演出(chu)、創辦(ban)村報(bao)等精(jing)神文(wen)化生(sheng)活(huo)也(ye)形(xing)成了(le)張高村的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)非常重要的(de)(de)公共空間(jian)。這種(zhong)喜(xi)聞(wen)樂見的(de)(de)方(fang)式給村民創造(zao)了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個很好(hao)的(de)(de)交流(liu)方(fang)式。可以說，老年人(ren)協會的(de)(de)建立大(da)大(da)的(de)(de)改善(shan)了(le)村里老人(ren)的(de)(de)精(jing)神面貌，激(ji)發了(le)村民參與村莊公共事務管(guan)理的(de)(de)熱(re)情，同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)對村干部的(de)(de)行為起了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)制約作用。

對于張高(gao)村(cun)(cun)來(lai)講，村(cun)(cun)內公(gong)共(gong)空(kong)間的(de)(de)存在具有(you)十(shi)分重(zhong)要的(de)(de)意義：一是滿足(zu)人(ren)們(men)與他(ta)人(ren)交(jiao)(jiao)往的(de)(de)需要，增(zeng)強了(le)村(cun)(cun)民的(de)(de)幸(xing)福(fu)感(gan)。人(ren)既愛(ai)(ai)孤獨又愛(ai)(ai)群聚，除了(le)家(jia)庭生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)，人(ren)們(men)還渴望與別人(ren)進行溝通和(he)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)。村(cun)(cun)莊公(gong)共(gong)空(kong)間的(de)(de)存在為村(cun)(cun)民的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)一個很好的(de)(de)平臺(tai)。幸(xing)福(fu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)不僅僅與物質財(cai)富(fu)有(you)關，還取決于是否有(you)豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)精神文化生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)。在當前增(zeng)收(shou)途徑有(you)限的(de)(de)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)文化生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)，健全的(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)顯然可以增(zeng)強農(nong)民的(de)(de)幸(xing)福(fu)感(gan)。

二是形(xing)成(cheng)公共(gong)(gong)(gong)輿論。村民可以(yi)聚在(zai)一(yi)起，就(jiu)(jiu)所關心的問題(ti)進行(xing)(xing)討(tao)論，有時就(jiu)(jiu)某些(xie)問題(ti)可以(yi)達成(cheng)共(gong)(gong)(gong)識，形(xing)成(cheng)一(yi)種公共(gong)(gong)(gong)意見。“.在(zai)公共(gong)(gong)(gong)領域中，整個社會透過(guo)公共(gong)(gong)(gong)媒體交換意見，從而(er)對問題(ti)產生(sheng)質疑(yi)或形(xing)成(cheng)共(gong)(gong)(gong)識”。③這(zhe)樣(yang)的公共(gong)(gong)(gong)意見不僅會成(cheng)為村民行(xing)(xing)動的評判標準，還可以(yi)對公共(gong)(gong)(gong)權力有一(yi)定的制約作用(yong)。

最為(wei)重要的(de)是村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公(gong)共空(kong)間(jian)培(pei)育了(le)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)的(de)公(gong)共精(jing)神，鍛煉了(le)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)的(de)公(gong)共管理能力(li)。它(ta)使村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)從孤立的(de)狹隘的(de)個(ge)人范圍中跳出來，把自己(ji)與其(qi)他成員聯系起來，在與其(qi)他村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)交往、協商的(de)過程中發現共同(tong)(tong)利(li)益，由此產生了(le)一種合作(zuo)的(de)意(yi)(yi)識(shi)和(he)信(xin)任的(de)基礎(chu)。并且通過實踐，提高(gao)了(le)管理公(gong)共事(shi)(shi)務的(de)能力(li)，增強了(le)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)的(de)主(zhu)體(ti)意(yi)(yi)識(shi)和(he)公(gong)共意(yi)(yi)識(shi)。在張高(gao)村(cun)(cun)，大部(bu)分村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)對于涉(she)及到(dao)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)共同(tong)(tong)利(li)益的(de)事(shi)(shi)情能夠給予(yu)一定的(de)方式進(jin)行合作(zuo)，村(cun)(cun)內(nei)公(gong)路的(de)修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)就是一個(ge)很好(hao)的(de)例證。張高(gao)村(cun)(cun)內(nei)部(bu)的(de)公(gong)路，采取了(le)國家、集體(ti)個(ge)人三者共同(tong)(tong)修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)的(de)方式。很多(duo)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)認為(wei)這是一件(jian)利(li)己(ji)利(li)人的(de)好(hao)事(shi)(shi)，根(gen)據自己(ji)的(de)實際情況捐了(le)幾十到(dao)幾百(bai)元不(bu)等。如果(guo)沒(mei)有(you)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)的(de)自愿捐款，村(cun)(cun)內(nei)的(de)公(gong)路是修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)不(bu)起來的(de)。

可以說，一(yi)個經(jing)濟發達的(de)(de)村(cun)莊，其成功(gong)的(de)(de)因(yin)素除了優越的(de)(de)自然條件(jian)外，更因(yin)為(wei)它(ta)們有較強的(de)(de)公(gong)共精(jing)(jing)神。而一(yi)個積貧積弱的(de)(de)村(cun)莊，與(yu)物(wu)質層面的(de)(de)匱乏比起來，村(cun)民公(gong)共精(jing)(jing)神的(de)(de)缺乏是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)更深(shen)刻(ke)的(de)(de)發展因(yin)素。 　三、張高村(cun)公(gong)共生活(huo)的(de)(de)不足之處

通(tong)過進(jin)一(yi)步調查(cha)，我(wo)們(men)發(fa)現(xian)，盡(jin)管張高(gao)村(cun)村(cun)民對(dui)村(cun)中的(de)(de)公共事務體(ti)現(xian)出(chu)一(yi)定的(de)(de)熱情并在一(yi)定程度上進(jin)行了參(can)與，但是，從該村(cun)村(cun)民公共參(can)與的(de)(de)行為和意識的(de)(de)特點來看，仍缺(que)乏足(zu)夠的(de)(de)公共精神。

從該(gai)村村委會主任的選舉來看，當被問及選舉某人的具(ju)體原因時，要(yao)么“誰給(gei)的錢多就選誰”，要(yao)么“他是本家的親戚”還有的是“選誰都無所(suo)謂，都一樣”。

對于村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)出現的(de)一系列亟待(dai)解(jie)(jie)決的(de)公共問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，如村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公共衛生問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，路燈(deng)的(de)維護問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)的(de)安全問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，雖然這些(xie)也都(dou)被大家認為是必須解(jie)(jie)決的(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，但如果沒有村(cun)(cun)兩委挑頭，人(ren)們(men)就束(shu)手無策了。

——“村內盜(dao)竊事件(jian)好幾起了(le)，我(wo)家就被盜(dao)了(le)，村里也不管不問”。

“那(nei)您有沒有想(xiang)到向村支(zhi)部或村委會提(ti)提(ti)建議？”

“提了(le)也沒(mei)用，都忙著個人賺(zhuan)錢，誰管這事”。

——關(guan)于(yu)村內(nei)衛生(sheng)“也都(dou)覺得不好看，垃圾到處都(dou)是，村里也就過(guo)年(nian)時(shi)照人(ren)打掃打掃，平時(shi)沒(mei)人(ren)過(guo)問”。

“那(nei)您沒有想過(guo)帶個頭，招呼(hu)大(da)家輪流(liu)打掃(sao)？”

“村里都(dou)不(bu)管(guan)，我們怎么管(guan)，管(guan)了人家(jia)還說閑話，再說村干部(bu)也不(bu)高興，這才是出力不(bu)討(tao)好呢 。有(you)時間就打(da)掃打(da)掃自(zi)己家(jia)門(men)的垃圾。如(ru)果村干部(bu)張羅(luo)，我肯(ken)定(ding)會拿錢”。

從談話中反映(ying)出(chu)來，村(cun)民(min)雖然意(yi)(yi)(yi)識到村(cun)內存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)需要(yao)解決的(de)(de)公(gong)共(gong)問(wen)題，也(ye)愿意(yi)(yi)(yi)盡自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)一(yi)份力量，但(dan)是(shi)存(cun)在(zai)以下問(wen)題：一(yi)是(shi)部分村(cun)民(min)由于主客觀(guan)的(de)(de)原因，對(dui)于政治參與(yu)表現出(chu)一(yi)定的(de)(de)冷漠，他(ta)們不(bu)愿意(yi)(yi)(yi)參與(yu)政治，不(bu)愿意(yi)(yi)(yi)過(guo)問(wen)公(gong)共(gong)事(shi)務(wu)。二是(shi)存(cun)在(zai)著對(dui)正式權(quan)威的(de)(de)過(guo)度依(yi)賴。認(ren)為一(yi)些(xie)事(shi)情只要(yao)村(cun)兩委不(bu)出(chu)面就無(wu)法(fa)開(kai)展，村(cun)民(min)自(zi)己(ji)是(shi)無(wu)法(fa)合作來解決的(de)(de)，村(cun)民(min)之間缺(que)乏足夠的(de)(de)信任。

四(si)、拓展村莊公(gong)共(gong)空(kong)間，弘揚村民(min)公(gong)共(gong)精神

造(zao)成村民公共精神(shen)(shen)缺乏的(de)原因有很多，有歷史的(de)原因，也有現實的(de)經濟和(he)政治原因。但(dan)是，只(zhi)要存(cun)在這種潛力，就(jiu)應當(dang)進一步挖掘(jue)和(he)培育村民的(de)公共精神(shen)(shen)。

1、進一(yi)(yi)步拓展(zhan)(zhan)村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)共空(kong)(kong)間(jian)，培養村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)自治(zhi)能(neng)力和(he)合作精神。村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)共空(kong)(kong)間(jian)是(shi)(shi)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)參(can)與(yu)公(gong)(gong)共管理的(de)(de)實(shi)踐空(kong)(kong)間(jian)。通(tong)過(guo)提出建議(yi)，發(fa)表評論，做(zuo)出決策(ce)等實(shi)踐活(huo)動(dong)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)獲得了(le)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)自信，同(tong)時也產生了(le)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)責任感。拓展(zhan)(zhan)村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)共空(kong)(kong)間(jian)最重(zhong)要的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)進一(yi)(yi)步發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)組織(zhi)。民(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)組織(zhi)能(neng)擴大村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)參(can)與(yu)村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)共生活(huo)的(de)(de)范圍和(he)深度，促進政(zheng)府與(yu)村(cun)(cun)（下轉第69頁）（上接(jie)第65頁）民(min)(min)(min)(min)之間(jian)的(de)(de)相互溝通(tong)、協(xie)調(diao)和(he)融(rong)合，從而增強社會(hui)的(de)(de)穩(wen)定性。張(zhang)高村(cun)(cun)老(lao)年(nian)人協(xie)會(hui)的(de)(de)成(cheng)立給村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)提供了(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)很好(hao)的(de)(de)參(can)與(yu)村(cun)(cun)內公(gong)(gong)共事(shi)務(wu)管理的(de)(de)機(ji)會(hui)，村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)對于村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)共事(shi)務(wu)的(de)(de)熱情被調(diao)動(dong)了(le)起(qi)來(lai)，參(can)與(yu)能(neng)力也在(zai)不(bu)斷地(di)提高。這對整個(ge)村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)共問題(ti)的(de)(de)解決，村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)生活(huo)質量的(de)(de)提升是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)非常有(you)(you)利的(de)(de)促動(dong)因素。當然，老(lao)年(nian)人協(xie)會(hui)要想更好(hao)地(di)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)下去，必須有(you)(you)相對獨立的(de)(de)財(cai)政(zheng)，也就是(shi)(shi)說是(shi)(shi)否有(you)(you)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)經費來(lai)源會(hui)影響它的(de)(de)下一(yi)(yi)步發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。這一(yi)(yi)點可以參(can)照東部地(di)區民(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)組織(zhi)經費籌措的(de)(de)方(fang)法，如可以向村(cun)(cun)里(li)申(shen)請一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)經費，通(tong)過(guo)文(wen)娛演出在(zai)社區中募集資金，出租紅(hong)白喜事(shi)所用的(de)(de)器具給村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)(min)等等。

2、充(chong)分(fen)發(fa)揮精(jing)(jing)英(ying)人(ren)(ren)物的(de)作用。有(you)頭(tou)腦、有(you)經濟實力(li)、有(you)廣(guang)泛(fan)的(de)人(ren)(ren)際關(guan)(guan)系，在(zai)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)處(chu)理(li)的(de)村(cun)(cun)落事(shi)務(wu)(wu)中說得上話，辦事(shi)妥(tuo)帖這是一(yi)般村(cun)(cun)民(min)所(suo)公(gong)認的(de)能(neng)(neng)人(ren)(ren)形象(xiang)，我們可以(yi)(yi)稱他們為社(she)區精(jing)(jing)英(ying)。精(jing)(jing)英(ying)人(ren)(ren)物具(ju)有(you)一(yi)定的(de)社(she)會權(quan)威性和社(she)會動員能(neng)(neng)力(li)，能(neng)(neng)把分(fen)散的(de)個體凝聚在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)，從(cong)事(shi)各種集體活動。他們對于公(gong)益(yi)事(shi)業的(de)熱(re)愛激發(fa)了(le)村(cun)(cun)民(min)的(de)公(gong)共(gong)精(jing)(jing)神。張高村(cun)(cun)也存(cun)在(zai)不少政(zheng)治(zhi)精(jing)(jing)英(ying)和經濟精(jing)(jing)英(ying)，但他們在(zai)村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)公(gong)共(gong)事(shi)務(wu)(wu)方面的(de)作用還(huan)未充(chong)分(fen)發(fa)揮出來(lai)。可以(yi)(yi)利用他們的(de)社(she)會關(guan)(guan)系、資金(jin)、技術發(fa)展自(zi)質的(de)協會。培育(yu)與助長村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)中新興的(de)公(gong)共(gong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)積極分(fen)子(zi)及公(gong)共(gong)人(ren)(ren)物，從(cong)而為村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)自(zi)治(zhi)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)的(de)優化、年(nian)輕化提供(gong)內生基礎。

3、通(tong)過(guo)各(ge)種途徑加強村(cun)民(min)(min)公共(gong)(gong)意(yi)識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)。具(ju)(ju)有公共(gong)(gong)意(yi)識(shi)意(yi)味(wei)著村(cun)民(min)(min)并沒有把(ba)自(zi)(zi)己作為一(yi)個(ge)孤(gu)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)人，而是(shi)把(ba)自(zi)(zi)己同整個(ge)村(cun)莊甚至國家聯系在一(yi)起。加強村(cun)民(min)(min)公共(gong)(gong)意(yi)識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)就是(shi)使(shi)村(cun)民(min)(min)成為關(guan)心公共(gong)(gong)事業，參與公共(gong)(gong)管理，成為具(ju)(ju)有合(he)作意(yi)愿(yuan)和(he)合(he)作能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)公民(min)(min)。可(ke)以(yi)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)街(jie)頭劇、唱歌、快板和(he)戲(xi)曲等傳統(tong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)達(da)到教(jiao)育(yu)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，把(ba)法律政策、道德風尚、表揚批評(ping)，溶于這(zhe)些具(ju)(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)表達(da)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)中，農民(min)(min)會高(gao)(gao)高(gao)(gao)興興的(de)(de)(de)(de)接受。運(yun)用(yong)(yong)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)德教(jiao)育(yu)，通(tong)過(guo)趨善的(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)化(hua)凈化(hua)人心，提高(gao)(gao)村(cun)民(min)(min)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)信任度(du)，這(zhe)樣村(cun)民(min)(min)才能有合(he)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)愿(yuan)和(he)可(ke)能性。

改(gai)革(ge)開放后，一(yi)(yi)方面是(shi)國(guo)家(jia)權(quan)力逐(zhu)步從農(nong)村社(she)(she)區撤退，另一(yi)(yi)方面是(shi)農(nong)村自(zi)(zi)組(zu)(zu)織還沒有完全發(fa)揮出應(ying)有的(de)作用，這(zhe)導致(zhi)了(le)農(nong)村公共(gong)(gong)物品提供的(de)匱乏和(he)(he)公共(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)缺乏。農(nong)民(min)(min)不應(ying)再消極等待下去，而(er)是(shi)必須積(ji)極行動(dong)組(zu)(zu)織起來，這(zhe)需(xu)要內生(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)展與外生(sheng)(sheng)培育相結合(he)。在社(she)(she)會(hui)的(de)共(gong)(gong)同關(guan)注下，包括官員、學者、教(jiao)師以(yi)及大學生(sheng)(sheng)志愿者的(de)參與，依靠和(he)(he)挖掘村民(min)(min)的(de)公共(gong)(gong)精(jing)神和(he)(he)自(zi)(zi)治能力，增強村莊的(de)公共(gong)(gong)福祉，提升村民(min)(min)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活質量。韓國(guo)新村運動(dong)之所(suo)以(yi)能夠成(cheng)功(gong)，除了(le)農(nong)業國(guo)向工業國(guo)轉型過渡(du)所(suo)必須遵循的(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)發(fa)展規律外，更重要的(de)是(shi)傳(chuan)承和(he)(he)凝聚了(le)超越制度、國(guo)家(jia)、民(min)(min)族、文化、傳(chuan)統(tong)而(er)人類共(gong)(gong)有的(de)人文思想、和(he)(he)諧理念(nian)、自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)正(zheng)義、合(he)作態度、公民(min)(min)社(she)(she)會(hui)、奉獻精(jing)神等文明因素(su)。進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步發(fa)展以(yi)民(min)(min)間(jian)組(zu)(zu)織為主(zhu)體的(de)村莊公共(gong)(gong)空間(jian)，弘揚村民(min)(min)的(de)公共(gong)(gong)精(jing)神，這(zhe)對于新農(nong)村建(jian)設來講是(shi)至關(guan)重要的(de)。

參考文獻：

[1] 【德】哈貝馬斯(si)：《公共領域的結構轉型》（中譯(yi)本(ben)），曹(cao)衛(wei)東(dong)等譯(yi)，學林出版社，1999年。

[2]肖濱(bin)：《理解(jie)公共領域：文本與導讀》，http：//gdmoa.org。

[3]吳毅：《公共空間》三農中(zhong)國(guo)網，2005年(nian)2月1日。

[4]于(yu)建嶸：《岳村政治——轉型期中國鄉村政治結(jie)構的變(bian)遷》，商務印(yin)書館，2001年。

[5]俞(yu)可平(ping)主編：《治理(li)與善治》，社會(hui)科學文獻(xian)出版社，2000年(nian)。

篇8

一、引言

“方韓(han)(han)大戰”的開(kai)端：2012年1月15日網友麥(mai)(mai)田發表文章(zhang)質疑韓(han)(han)寒(han)(han)存在寫作團隊，韓(han)(han)寒(han)(han)則立言(yan)懸(xuan)賞2000萬尋找捉刀(dao)之人，隨(sui)后麥(mai)(mai)田迅即公開(kai)道歉偃旗息鼓，韓(han)(han)寒(han)(han)也接(jie)(jie)受道歉。接(jie)(jie)下來方舟子(zi)接(jie)(jie)棒(bang)麥(mai)(mai)田，“方韓(han)(han)大戰”拉開(kai)序幕。

一(yi)方是青(qing)年偶像，一(yi)方是打假斗(dou)士，各(ge)自都(dou)擁(yong)有數以百萬(wan)計的粉絲(si)，一(yi)開(kai)始(shi)的巔峰對決旋(xuan)即變成了(le)大開(kai)大合懸念迭出的大兵團(tuan)作(zuo)戰。

本文(wen)無意判斷爭論(lun)雙方(fang)孰是孰非，但(dan)此次網絡(luo)公(gong)共事件中，它(ta)的(de)幾個典(dian)型(xing)之(zhi)處引(yin)起了筆(bi)者(zhe)的(de)關注：

1.網絡用戶是如何(he)參與公共事務且建構身份認(ren)同，分列站隊的？

2.如何建構一個健康、理性的網(wang)絡公共空間(jian)？

為(wei)了(le)解決以上的問題(ti)，本文研究主要是(shi)采用了(le)個案(an)研究和文本分析(xi)相(xiang)結合的方法(fa)，通(tong)過(guo)歸納總結得出結論。

二、理論框架

身份/認(ren)同（identity）是(shi)(shi)當代人(ren)(ren)文、社會(hui)、政治領(ling)域里的(de)(de)一(yi)個重要(yao)課題(ti)。在社會(hui)學家看來，人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)認(ren)同依照內外(wai)大致可分為(wei)兩種(zhong)：自我認(ren)同和(he)社會(hui)認(ren)同。自我認(ren)同是(shi)(shi)“一(yi)種(zhong)內在性認(ren)同，一(yi)種(zhong)內在化(hua)過程和(he)內在深度(du)感。是(shi)(shi)個人(ren)(ren)依據(ju)個人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)經歷所形(xing)成的(de)(de)、作(zuo)為(wei)反思性理解的(de)(de)自我。"而社會(hui)認(ren)同則(ze)是(shi)(shi)指“人(ren)(ren)在特(te)定的(de)(de)社區中(zhong)對(dui)該社區特(te)定的(de)(de)價值、文化(hua)和(he)信(xin)念的(de)(de)共同或者本質(zhi)上接近的(de)(de)態度(du)”。

三(san)、網絡用(yong)戶的身份/認(ren)同建構(gou)過(guo)程

（一(yi)）公共話題出現

網絡時代，私(si)人(ren)領域(yu)與公(gong)共生活(huo)(huo)的(de)界限變得模糊。無論你身處何地，只要拿起手機就可以將你的(de)私(si)人(ren)領域(yu)瞬間帶入公(gong)共生活(huo)(huo)，方(fang)便(bian)地參與公(gong)共事務。在“方(fang)韓大戰(zhan)”中，開始(shi)是由方(fang)舟子在新浪微博(bo)里(li)有關韓寒可能涉(she)嫌(xian)的(de)文字，兩(liang)人(ren)擁躉千(qian)萬，話題性(xing)十足(zu)，所以這兩(liang)人(ren)在網絡空間的(de)單打(da)獨斗(dou)必將演化為(wei)兩(liang)個(ge)群體的(de)大兵團作戰(zhan)。

（二）圖像和符號進(jin)入網(wang)絡用戶生活

在網(wang)絡公(gong)共事(shi)(shi)件(jian)出現以后，網(wang)絡用戶知道(dao)這件(jian)事(shi)(shi)情(qing)無非是(shi)主動(dong)搜尋或(huo)“被”傳播，只(zhi)要是(shi)在“方韓大戰”的(de)(de)(de)時間段里，稍微關注一(yi)下公(gong)共事(shi)(shi)件(jian)，都會被這樣的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)條信息輻(fu)射(she)到(dao)。轉發或(huo)評論，網(wang)絡用戶就已(yi)經參(can)(can)與到(dao)這一(yi)事(shi)(shi)件(jian)中(zhong)來，參(can)(can)與的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)就進一(yi)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)暴露了個人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)身份特征，在接下來的(de)(de)(de)生產性過程中(zhong)，自我解(jie)讀也正式(shi)開始。

（三）網絡用(yong)戶生產文本、自(zi)我(wo)表達(da)

研究發(fa)現在參(can)與(yu)(yu)到這次(ci)“方韓(han)大(da)戰”的(de)(de)網(wang)絡用(yong)戶中，“迷群”和(he)“小規模生(sheng)產(chan)者”居多，其(qi)中又以“崇拜者”為最，他(ta)(ta)們(men)多是韓(han)寒博客的(de)(de)固定(ding)閱(yue)讀人群，積極(ji)的(de)(de)參(can)與(yu)(yu)對內(nei)容的(de)(de)解讀和(he)分(fen)析，具有(you)較強的(de)(de)詮釋能力，明確的(de)(de)表達自己(ji)的(de)(de)觀點和(he)態度(du)，并(bing)將自己(ji)的(de)(de)情感與(yu)(yu)想法撰寫成文本，放在網(wang)絡上與(yu)(yu)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)同好分(fen)享、交換意(yi)見。

（四(si)）觀展(zhan)和表演(yan)，個人身份認同形(xing)成(cheng)

具體到(dao)(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)次“方韓大戰(zhan)”的(de)(de)網絡用戶，一些用戶堅信(xin)韓寒不(bu)可(ke)能有，這(zhe)(zhe)是基于他們多年對(dui)偶像身份(fen)的(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)同(tong)，在一部分人眼里，韓寒代表著獨(du)立、青春、批判(pan)，而(er)內化到(dao)(dao)個人，則希望自(zi)(zi)己也是這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)一個特(te)征，通過(guo)對(dui)偶像的(de)(de)肯定(ding)，獲得(de)被認(ren)(ren)同(tong)的(de)(de)肯定(ding)，進而(er)肯定(ding)自(zi)(zi)我形(xing)象。于是這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)網絡用戶身份(fen)認(ren)(ren)同(tong)形(xing)成。

網(wang)絡(luo)同時也(ye)是(shi)一個虛擬的平臺，在他律(lv)不夠(gou)完(wan)善的情況下(xia)，在網(wang)絡(luo)公共事件(jian)層出不窮(qiong)的今天，各種(zhong)筆仗(zhang)，各種(zhong)立場(chang)的爭論，呈現(xian)出格(ge)調不高的狀態，而參與公共討論的網(wang)絡(luo)用(yong)戶表(biao)現(xian)的水準也(ye)是(shi)良莠(you)不齊。

四、成(cheng)熟、理性的(de)“網絡公共空間”建設

健康理性的(de)(de)網(wang)(wang)絡空間依賴信(xin)息(xi)公開(kai)，信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)公開(kai)首是提高(gao)網(wang)(wang)絡用戶更多參與公共事務傳(chuan)播和討論(lun)的(de)(de)途徑，目前(qian)的(de)(de)論(lun)壇(tan)、博客、微(wei)博等(deng)都有助于網(wang)(wang)民(min)的(de)(de)主動參與。網(wang)(wang)絡用戶也需(xu)要提高(gao)信(xin)息(xi)分析與解(jie)讀的(de)(de)能力(li)(li)，提高(gao)信(xin)息(xi)和傳(chuan)播的(de)(de)能力(li)(li)，網(wang)(wang)絡用戶在完成(cheng)了信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)搜(sou)集(ji)和解(jie)讀的(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，往(wang)往(wang)轉換角(jiao)色成(cheng)為信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)者，參與到公共事件的(de)(de)討論(lun)中。只有網(wang)(wang)絡平臺和網(wang)(wang)絡用戶的(de)(de)雙向合作才有可能建(jian)設一個健康理性的(de)(de)公共空間。

五、結論

通過這(zhe)次對(dui)“方韓大戰(zhan)”個(ge)案的(de)(de)分析(xi)，可以瞥見網(wang)絡(luo)用戶(hu)群體身(shen)份認(ren)同建(jian)構(gou)的(de)(de)一(yi)隅(yu)，他(ta)們(men)通過對(dui)公共事務的(de)(de)參與，解(jie)讀他(ta)人建(jian)構(gou)自身(shen)。在中國，還(huan)缺(que)乏一(yi)種理(li)性討(tao)(tao)論的(de)(de)氛(fen)圍(wei)，受眾常常迷失(shi)在人云(yun)亦(yi)云(yun)中。如何(he)讓圍(wei)觀走向思(si)考，走到一(yi)個(ge)理(li)性的(de)(de)公共討(tao)(tao)論階段，而不(bu)是隨意的(de)(de)發(fa)泄(xie)和(he)看(kan)熱鬧，如何(he)培(pei)養網(wang)絡(luo)用戶(hu)把健康、成熟的(de)(de)公共討(tao)(tao)論變成一(yi)種習慣還(huan)需要(yao)我們(men)進一(yi)步的(de)(de)努力。

參考文獻：

[1]靜(jing)恩英(ying)，楊(yang)勵軒.　網絡(luo)公共領域(yu)的(de)現實考察――以BBS論壇為例[J].新聞(wen)界(jie)，2007（01）.

篇9

1．城市面貌趨同。

從(cong)(cong)目前我國現(xian)(xian)代新(xin)城市(shi)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)整體結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)來看，根(gen)據行(xing)政、文(wen)化(hua)、商(shang)務、市(shi)民(min)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)等(deng)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定位要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，各自(zi)呈現(xian)(xian)不(bu)同(tong)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)特征。新(xin)行(xing)政空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)多采(cai)用以行(xing)政辦公建(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)體為主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)建(jian)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)，如成(cheng)都新(xin)行(xing)政中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)由建(jian)筑(zhu)樓(lou)群(qun)由蓮花瓣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦公樓(lou)和(he)一棟“鳥(niao)巢”狀辦公樓(lou)組(zu)成(cheng);新(xin)文(wen)化(hua)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)則多采(cai)用文(wen)化(hua)建(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)體構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)圖(tu)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)，如天(tian)(tian)(tian)津(jin)(jin)市(shi)文(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項目包(bao)括天(tian)(tian)(tian)津(jin)(jin)圖(tu)書館(guan)、天(tian)(tian)(tian)津(jin)(jin)博物館(guan)、天(tian)(tian)(tian)津(jin)(jin)美術(shu)館(guan)、天(tian)(tian)(tian)津(jin)(jin)大(da)劇院、天(tian)(tian)(tian)津(jin)(jin)青(qing)少(shao)年活動中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)等(deng);從(cong)(cong)這些空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)現(xian)(xian)狀特征中(zhong)可(ke)(ke)以看出(chu)，景觀軸(zhou)線、功(gong)(gong)能(neng)軸(zhou)線能(neng)線性空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)是串聯和(he)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)新(xin)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。在景觀軸(zhou)線構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)中(zhong)，通過結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)各個(ge)公共(gong)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)綠(lv)色開(kai)放空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節點(dian)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)區域內重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景觀軸(zhou)線，而(er)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)軸(zhou)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)則依托空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)位置較居中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城市(shi)干道，串聯起區域內各個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)要(yao)(yao)素，如商(shang)務、會議、商(shang)業等(deng)總要(yao)(yao)公共(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)。可(ke)(ke)以說新(xin)城市(shi)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)多是運用了軸(zhou)線與構(gou)(gou)圖(tu)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)想結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，這種(zhong)方(fang)式并不(bu)能(neng)造成(cheng)城市(shi)形(xing)(xing)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趨(qu)同(tong)，所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“千城一面”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)覺而(er)是建(jian)造實施后所最終(zhong)呈現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)。

2．空間利用效率低。

新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)多以高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)為主(zhu)要(yao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)形式(shi)，而在眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中多分布(bu)(bu)于地塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一側或(huo)中心位置(zhi)，以強(qiang)調(diao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨(du)立性和標志性，地塊(kuai)中其余(yu)空(kong)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部分則形成(cheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附屬用房(fang)或(huo)是高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部公共空(kong)間(jian)，這(zhe)種布(bu)(bu)局方式(shi)造成(cheng)地塊(kuai)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)距較遠。相(xiang)(xiang)比國(guo)外城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)樓(lou)林立，高(gao)(gao)(gao)密度高(gao)(gao)(gao)容積率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土地開(kai)發(fa)強(qiang)度，我的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)分布(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)對顯得松(song)散稀疏，在相(xiang)(xiang)同地塊(kuai)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)空(kong)間(jian)使用效率明(ming)顯小于國(guo)外。這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)和使用，明(ming)顯違背(bei)了現代城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)緊湊集(ji)約發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本原則。

3．自然(ran)要素提升。

新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)集約化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展狀態，促使了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)各個(ge)空(kong)間(jian)要素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相互整體發(fa)展，其中更加(jia)(jia)注重(zhong)公共空(kong)間(jian)與綠(lv)色空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相互滲透，以(yi)彌補新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)開發(fa)中對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)生態環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破壞。現代新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)中大(da)(da)大(da)(da)加(jia)(jia)強了自(zi)然要素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構建(jian)，綠(lv)地(di)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃構建(jian)起新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)形態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要特(te)征(zheng)。按照國家利用土地(di)和建(jian)設用地(di)功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合平和需求，綠(lv)化率一般都(dou)已到(dao)(dao)達(da)35%左(zuo)右，在一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)型公共綠(lv)地(di)都(dou)具有良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然環境(jing)，從2007年(nian)到(dao)(dao)2010年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三年(nian)間(jian)，廣州建(jian)成區(qu)綠(lv)地(di)面(mian)積增加(jia)(jia)5222公頃，建(jian)成區(qu)綠(lv)地(di)率增加(jia)(jia)1．63%。這些(xie)多是進年(nian)來新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)重(zhong)視(shi)生態綠(lv)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成果(guo)。

4．慢速交(jiao)通(tong)空(kong)間缺失。

城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)步(bu)行(xing)空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營造是(shi)保障城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)活力(li)延續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本，在新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)中(zhong)微觀(guan)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)功能(neng)正是(shi)滿(man)足人(ren)們步(bu)行(xing)交往(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要場所，同時也是(shi)提高城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)居民出行(xing)利用(yong)率最(zui)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交通(tong)(tong)空(kong)間(jian)，對于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交通(tong)(tong)功能(neng)而言，起到(dao)了(le)對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)它道(dao)(dao)路(lu)空(kong)間(jian)分流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。但在多數(shu)新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交通(tong)(tong)空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設過程往(wang)往(wang)忽(hu)視支路(lu)等微觀(guan)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)規劃(hua)建設，與傳(chuan)統城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)中(zhong)安靜蜿(wan)蜒小(xiao)徑(jing)、富有生活氣息的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胡同、樹蔭覆蓋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幽徑(jing)相(xiang)比，新(xin)交通(tong)(tong)空(kong)間(jian)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)形式一律都(dou)是(shi)寬闊(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)馬路(lu)。如總(zong)人(ren)口約(yue)80萬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣東高要市(shi)(shi)(shi)，其(qi)規劃(hua)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江濱新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)干道(dao)(dao)寬度達60米(mi)(mi)(mi);規劃(hua)人(ren)口95萬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)昆(kun)明呈貢新(xin)區主(zhu)干道(dao)(dao)寬80米(mi)(mi)(mi);深圳(zhen)體(ti)(ti)育新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)干道(dao)(dao)最(zui)窄(zhai)處為(wei)44米(mi)(mi)(mi)，最(zui)寬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深惠(hui)達到(dao)寬至120米(mi)(mi)(mi)，而人(ren)口近(jin)2000萬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)京市(shi)(shi)(shi)，其(qi)長安街最(zui)寬處也就是(shi)120米(mi)(mi)(mi)，眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)案例直觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說明了(le)國內在新(xin)建交通(tong)(tong)空(kong)間(jian)在設計(ji)上體(ti)(ti)現了(le)“小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模，大(da)都(dou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規格”。

(二)社會與經濟

1．商業活力不(bu)足。

現(xian)(xian)代新城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)中(zhong)的(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)功(gong)能(neng)日趨(qu)完善，由(you)復合(he)線(xian)型轉(zhuan)向網絡(luo)化、立體化功(gong)能(neng)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)建筑(zhu)更(geng)為密集，商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)心區的(de)用地范圍逐步擴大，加(jia)(jia)上各大國(guo)際商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)機構的(de)入住，形成(cheng)以(yi)購物、休(xiu)閑、娛樂等多種功(gong)能(neng)于(yu)一體的(de)所謂“一站式”綜合(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)等商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)形態，而一個成(cheng)功(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)功(gong)能(neng)的(de)運行則(ze)否取決于(yu)地段和(he)交通、人氣以(yi)及管理幾個方(fang)面的(de)因素，而新城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)中(zhong)的(de)居(ju)住和(he)辦(ban)公使用率(lv)低導致區域內的(de)人氣難以(yi)集聚;此外在商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)發展中(zhong)以(yi)追求(qiu)現(xian)(xian)代商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)辦(ban)公環(huan)境，也使傳統的(de)充滿活力的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)正(zheng)在被功(gong)利的(de)、冷(leng)漠的(de)現(xian)(xian)代城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)所代替，加(jia)(jia)上傳統城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)成(cheng)熟的(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)環(huan)境和(he)完整(zheng)的(de)配(pei)套設施的(de)競爭，目(mu)前我國(guo)新城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)的(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)活力實際上沒有達到預期的(de)目(mu)標。

2．傳(chuan)統(tong)社(she)交(jiao)體系瓦解(jie)。

傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)城市(shi)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)環境(jing)中(zhong)聚集(ji)著穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會交(jiao)往(wang)群體(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會組織，各個部分有(you)成(cheng)(cheng)熟和(he)(he)緊(jin)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)共同生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)特征。長期生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)和(he)(he)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)社(she)(she)(she)(she)交(jiao)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)讓市(shi)民(min)相(xiang)互間(jian)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)穩(wen)定感和(he)(he)安全(quan)感，這(zhe)種(zhong)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)交(jiao)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)也形成(cheng)(cheng)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)區域文化。而新空(kong)(kong)間(jian)環境(jing)打(da)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)便利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現代(dai)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)方式(shi)也將改變人(ren)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)模式(shi)，汽車(che)等快速(su)交(jiao)通(tong)工具的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用，縱(zong)然縮短了人(ren)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)成(cheng)(cheng)本，這(zhe)種(zhong)“家(jia)—車(che)—目的(de)(de)(de)(de)地”的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)模式(shi)，破壞了人(ren)們(men)(men)相(xiang)互交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)權力，撕(si)裂(lie)和(he)(he)損壞了傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會交(jiao)往(wang)關系(xi)。新居(ju)住空(kong)(kong)間(jian)中(zhong)把來(lai)自不同區域的(de)(de)(de)(de)個體(ti)(ti)相(xiang)對集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)，雖然新居(ju)住空(kong)(kong)間(jian)有(you)完善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)住功能設施，提供(gong)著各自可供(gong)互相(xiang)交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)、舒適的(de)(de)(de)(de)公共空(kong)(kong)間(jian)，面(mian)對陌生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)和(he)(he)現代(dai)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會發展(zhan)與人(ren)們(men)(men)之(zhi)間(jian)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會信任度的(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾，造成(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)新居(ju)住空(kong)(kong)間(jian)內(nei)難(nan)以再形成(cheng)(cheng)原有(you)穩(wen)固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)社(she)(she)(she)(she)交(jiao)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)住文化圈解體(ti)(ti)，新的(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)住文化有(you)難(nan)以在(zai)一兩(liang)代(dai)居(ju)住者中(zhong)建立起來(lai)。

二、現代新(xin)城市空間演進動因

(一)經濟發展的(de)驅動(dong)力

新的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間是各種要(yao)(yao)素的(de)(de)(de)復合，這些(xie)空(kong)間要(yao)(yao)素建(jian)筑與(yu)建(jian)筑、建(jian)筑與(yu)自然的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)融。營造新的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間環境需要(yao)(yao)一定的(de)(de)(de)資金(jin)投入(ru)(ru)，特別是以高(gao)度集聚的(de)(de)(de)立體化的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)背景(jing)下(xia)，建(jian)立多層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)通空(kong)間和建(jian)筑空(kong)間，在實際建(jian)設中(zhong)是需要(yao)(yao)復雜的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設過程和大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)資金(jin)投入(ru)(ru)。在西(xi)方國家，有人總(zong)結(jie)出(chu)當城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)人均年收入(ru)(ru)達到1000美元(yuan)時，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)地下(xia)空(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)將(jiang)進入(ru)(ru)一個加速(su)階段(duan)，這從另(ling)外一個側面說明了(le)經濟因素處于(yu)一個不可忽視的(de)(de)(de)地位，新城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展是以經濟實力為前提條(tiao)件。

(二(er))政策(ce)引導的策(ce)動力(li)

政策(ce)引導是政府(fu)運用規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)手(shou)段來引導開發商提供公共空間(jian)(jian)的手(shou)段，以彌補通則式(shi)管理的靈活性和(he)適用性。意大(da)利(li)建(jian)(jian)筑師羅西則認(ren)為，城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)依其形象而存在(zai)，這個形象是出(chu)自某種政治(zhi)制(zhi)度為達到其理想(xiang)形式(shi)而構(gou)筑的。城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)與發展(zhan)的每個階段過程無不與一定(ding)時期的政治(zhi)制(zhi)度、政策(ce)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)等(deng)有關。現代社會一般通過城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)發展(zhan)政策(ce)、法(fa)(fa)律和(he)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)對(dui)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)形態加以控(kong)制(zhi)。許(xu)多(duo)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)紛紛對(dui)新(xin)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)空間(jian)(jian)的建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)實施了一定(ding)的規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)控(kong)制(zhi)與管理。依據國家(jia)制(zhi)訂的一系(xi)列建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)，其中包括行(xing)政法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)法(fa)(fa)、城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)法(fa)(fa)、土地(di)管理法(fa)(fa)等(deng))與具(ju)體操作層面上的技術法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(設(she)(she)計規(gui)(gui)范、更新(xin)拆遷安置辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)、土地(di)分類(lei)標準、傳統風貌保護實施辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)等(deng))，通過城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)計、控(kong)制(zhi)性詳細規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)等(deng)具(ju)體手(shou)段綜合解決(jue)新(xin)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)空間(jian)(jian)的問題，力(li)求創造良好(hao)的城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)空間(jian)(jian)形態。

(三(san))重大事件的(de)影(ying)響力

重(zhong)大(da)事(shi)件對(dui)于新城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響不(bu)僅涵蓋面廣，而且(qie)有(you)其明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)階段(duan)特征，它對(dui)新城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空間(jian)(jian)完(wan)善(shan)提(ti)升(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響也是(shi)直接而且(qie)積(ji)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)。通(tong)過(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中舉辦各種(zhong)(zhong)類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大(da)公共活(huo)動，將是(shi)整合(he)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)現有(you)資(zi)源(yuan)，以強(qiang)有(you)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)和統一目(mu)(mu)標發(fa)(fa)揮這些(xie)資(zi)源(yuan)所應(ying)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)效(xiao)率。這種(zhong)(zhong)公共事(shi)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響力(li)將促使區(qu)域內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各類項目(mu)(mu)快速的(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)完(wan)成，讓事(shi)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生和城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)展在(zai)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)維度(du)上(shang)保持(chi)一致。積(ji)極主動的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)對(dui)和結合(he)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)現狀和戰略目(mu)(mu)標，借重(zhong)大(da)事(shi)件之機，達到提(ti)高(gao)完(wan)善(shan)本(ben)地區(qu)設施(shi)、加強(qiang)地方(fang)管(guan)理以提(ti)高(gao)新城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)空間(jian)(jian)環境品質(zhi)為目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

三、現代新城市(shi)空間(jian)設計(ji)策略

優質的(de)(de)公共(gong)環境空(kong)間(jian)(jian)和富(fu)有(you)活力的(de)(de)城市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)是(shi)營造(zao)良好城市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)基本目標。這個目標的(de)(de)實現，需要(yao)充(chong)分(fen)發(fa)(fa)掘新城市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)中各(ge)社(she)會要(yao)素(su)(su)、經濟要(yao)素(su)(su)、環境要(yao)素(su)(su)內在聯系(xi)，它們是(shi)相(xiang)互依存、相(xiang)互補充(chong)、辯證統一，通過不同要(yao)素(su)(su)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)完善與(yu)整合，才能(neng)使(shi)他們發(fa)(fa)揮出最大的(de)(de)效益。

(一)營(ying)造優質的新(xin)城市空間(jian)

優(you)質(zhi)是城市公共空(kong)(kong)間環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保持活性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)方式，城市空(kong)(kong)間中各(ge)(ge)構成(cheng)要(yao)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相互整(zheng)合(he)(he)、相互協調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)是實現舒適的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新城市空(kong)(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提條件。營造優(you)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公共空(kong)(kong)間環(huan)境(jing)(jing)應強(qiang)調(diao)(diao)各(ge)(ge)構成(cheng)要(yao)素之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關聯(lian)、共生、和諧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)關系(xi)，這種整(zheng)體(ti)關系(xi)強(qiang)調(diao)(diao)區域(yu)內(nei)社會(hui)、經(jing)濟(ji)、自(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有機統一(yi)。營造優(you)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公共空(kong)(kong)間環(huan)境(jing)(jing)在社會(hui)因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背景(jing)下(xia)，需要(yao)適宜社會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，形(xing)成(cheng)體(ti)現歷(li)史文(wen)化內(nei)涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場所(suo)空(kong)(kong)間;而在經(jing)濟(ji)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)節下(xia)，則需要(yao)實現高效(xiao)、快捷、集約的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間形(xing)式;最后通(tong)過與生態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協調(diao)(diao)統一(yi)，最終實現適合(he)(he)區域(yu)內(nei)適宜地貌環(huan)境(jing)(jing)和資源(yuan)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場所(suo)。

1．相互關聯性。

城市(shi)公共空(kong)間(jian)環境是一個(ge)復合的生態系(xi)統(tong)，受到(dao)社會文化(hua)、經(jing)濟水(shui)平(ping)、自然條(tiao)件等(deng)多種因素(su)的制約(yue)，且空(kong)間(jian)系(xi)統(tong)中的各個(ge)要素(su)是相互(hu)滲(shen)透、重疊(die)的。與傳統(tong)的功能分(fen)區、樹狀分(fen)級(ji)等(deng)機械的論點想比(bi)，現(xian)代(dai)新城市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)更加注(zhu)重內部(bu)的相互(hu)關聯性。相互(hu)關聯的城市(shi)空(kong)間(jian)具有(you)更加豐富的內涵特征，強調空(kong)間(jian)的交混、有(you)機、參與、創造、平(ping)等(deng)開放(fang)。

2．和諧共生的思(si)想。

共生概念來(lai)自于(yu)日本著名建筑師黑川紀章在(zai)建筑學(xue)中的(de)(de)認識，同時這(zhe)一概念也(ye)被他(ta)應用與(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)設(she)計的(de)(de)過(guo)程，在(zai)他(ta)看來(lai)“共生在(zai)本質上不同于(yu)調(diao)和(he)、妥協、混合或折中主義。共生之所以可能是由(you)于(yu)承認在(zai)不同文化、對(dui)(dui)立的(de)(de)因素和(he)不同的(de)(de)要(yao)求之間(jian)以及(ji)在(zai)二元(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)(dui)立的(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)極(ji)端之間(jian)的(de)(de)神圣(sheng)領(ling)域”。新城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)公共空間(jian)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)和(he)諧共生，不僅(jin)僅(jin)是中心區個(ge)構(gou)成元(yuan)(yuan)素相互之間(jian)的(de)(de)組(zu)合和(he)疊加，而(er)應該是將(jiang)這(zhe)些構(gou)成元(yuan)(yuan)素作(zuo)為(wei)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)構(gou)成中的(de)(de)基本結(jie)構(gou)，通過(guo)有機(ji)的(de)(de)組(zu)織和(he)聯系來(lai)加強各個(ge)功能和(he)活動之間(jian)的(de)(de)混合，使其在(zai)內部發生作(zuo)用，相互促進和(he)激發，在(zai)外(wai)部才已活力的(de)(de)形式被表現出(chu)來(lai)。

3．多元化的整體性(xing)。

城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)發展具有不可預知的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜(za)(za)形式，從成(cheng)(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心區營造(zao)案(an)例來看都注(zhu)重(zhong)對人(ren)性的(de)(de)(de)關注(zhu)，以(yi)及(ji)多(duo)樣(yang)性和(he)(he)開發性的(de)(de)(de)特征。面(mian)(mian)對城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜(za)(za)群(qun)體，文(wen)化、習(xi)俗、經(jing)歷等等因(yin)素讓這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組成(cheng)(cheng)變得更家復(fu)雜(za)(za)，這(zhe)正是由(you)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)千(qian)差萬別的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)構成(cheng)(cheng)了城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)五光十色(se)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)面(mian)(mian)貌，讓城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)在復(fu)雜(za)(za)的(de)(de)(de)碰撞(zhuang)和(he)(he)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)矛盾的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)織中(zhong)產生(sheng)活力，所以(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)應該反映和(he)(he)適應多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)將公共空(kong)間(jian)環境(jing)、人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)功能(neng)設施、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)文(wen)化內(nei)涵(han)、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)經(jing)濟需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)、自然(ran)(ran)環境(jing)要素視為(wei)一(yi)個相互(hu)交(jiao)(jiao)織的(de)(de)(de)體系(xi)，強調(diao)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)元素的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)態協調(diao)與有機(ji)統一(yi)，整(zheng)合、協調(diao)、優化空(kong)間(jian)內(nei)各功能(neng)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)構成(cheng)(cheng)關系(xi)，使(shi)自然(ran)(ran)、經(jing)濟、社(she)會(hui)等多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)素在動(dong)態平衡的(de)(de)(de)基礎上實現(xian)協調(diao)統一(yi)。

(二)營造富有(you)活力(li)的新城市空間

活(huo)(huo)力(li)(li)(li)是(shi)促使新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)不斷發(fa)展、有(you)機生長的(de)力(li)(li)(li)量源泉。富有(you)活(huo)(huo)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)是(shi)為(wei)了要(yao)充分(fen)發(fa)揮空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)的(de)最大(da)效(xiao)益，讓新(xin)(xin)的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)不僅只停留在(zai)物質(zhi)表面，更要(yao)激發(fa)其產(chan)生的(de)活(huo)(huo)力(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)應。如(ru)何保證新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)在(zai)快速發(fa)展中的(de)“持(chi)續最佳(jia)狀態”，塑造極限(xian)效(xiao)率下的(de)人(ren)性與(yu)公平，形(xing)成一個充滿活(huo)(huo)力(li)(li)(li)且(qie)適宜人(ren)類生活(huo)(huo)的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)，主要(yao)體現在(zai)新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)市(shi)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)中對社(she)會、經(jing)濟、文化活(huo)(huo)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)保持(chi)。

1．社會活力。

社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)活(huo)(huo)力(li)主要是(shi)由社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)交(jiao)往行為激發(fa)而(er)形成(cheng)，可及性等(deng)則由人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為所產生(sheng)(sheng)從(cong)而(er)激發(fa)活(huo)(huo)力(li)。對話的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消亡與交(jiao)往的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消亡，也(ye)意味(wei)著日常生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉淪。新城(cheng)市空間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)活(huo)(huo)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營造(zao)首先(xian)是(shi)保(bao)證區域內人口(kou)結(jie)構平衡與和諧，將各(ge)個層次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)住(zhu)主體都吸納到新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市空間(jian)(jian)中(zhong)，以形成(cheng)更(geng)加多元混(hun)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)發(fa)現形態(tai)。從(cong)而(er)實(shi)現多元化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)住(zhu)形態(tai)，高(gao)級公(gong)寓(yu)、普通(tong)公(gong)寓(yu)與經(jing)濟住(zhu)宅并(bing)存，這(zhe)些(xie)各(ge)種人構成(cheng)了新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市空間(jian)(jian)日常活(huo)(huo)動、消費(fei)行為和社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)交(jiao)往直接(jie)促成(cheng)了社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)活(huo)(huo)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)。其次(ci)，高(gao)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共空間(jian)(jian)也(ye)是(shi)促使(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)活(huo)(huo)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有利方(fang)法。在信息(xi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)私(si)人空間(jian)(jian)空前發(fa)達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，需要更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)，而(er)公(gong)共空間(jian)(jian)是(shi)城(cheng)市生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)交(jiao)往的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)器，吸引更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人參與，使(shi)(shi)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)活(huo)(huo)力(li)集聚(ju)。

2．經濟活力。

經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)力(li)是城市活(huo)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外在(zai)驅動力(li)。從積極組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)看，新城市空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)空(kong)間(jian)效益(yi)(yi)(yi)是“各經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)要(yao)素在(zai)城市空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配置組合(he)(he)形(xing)(xing)成一定密度(du)、局(ju)結構和形(xing)(xing)態(tai)后所(suo)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)效益(yi)(yi)(yi)”。這種(zhong)效益(yi)(yi)(yi)因配置和組合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)理程度(du)而大(da)小與(yu)正負(fu)之不同。經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)要(yao)求效益(yi)(yi)(yi)最大(da)化，資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最優配置是獲得效益(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)手段。提(ti)升新城市空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)空(kong)間(jian)效益(yi)(yi)(yi)主要(yao)是通過合(he)(he)理配置商業、辦公、服(fu)務業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例，加強城市空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚集度(du)和吸引力(li)，形(xing)(xing)成多元復合(he)(he)、緊湊高效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)，保成經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)成。

3．文化活力。

新(xin)城(cheng)市空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)可持(chi)續發(fa)展的(de)(de)內在驅動力(li)來源于與與城(cheng)市傳統(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)上的(de)(de)連續，形成(cheng)屬于新(xin)城(cheng)市空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活力(li)，這也(ye)是城(cheng)市品質與格調(diao)的(de)(de)展現。每一個(ge)城(cheng)市都有自己(ji)特(te)定的(de)(de)傳統(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氛圍，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活力(li)的(de)(de)營造(zao)主要(yao)是對城(cheng)市傳統(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)背(bei)景(jing)的(de)(de)分析并堅持(chi)適(shi)應性規(gui)劃策略(lve)，發(fa)掘新(xin)城(cheng)市空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)特(te)色(se)的(de)(de)和延續社會(hui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)肌理。面對城(cheng)市文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活力(li)的(de)(de)延續，新(xin)城(cheng)市空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)內的(de)(de)各(ge)項(xiang)公(gong)共(gong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)設(she)施(shi)所強調(diao)的(de)(de)不(bu)是數(shu)量上的(de)(de)優勢，關鍵是在于公(gong)共(gong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)設(she)施(shi)所代表的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內涵以(yi)及公(gong)共(gong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)設(she)施(shi)所具有的(de)(de)公(gong)眾參與價值。此外。在新(xin)的(de)(de)城(cheng)市空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)內通(tong)過延續城(cheng)市傳統(tong)習俗的(de)(de)各(ge)類活動，延續、發(fa)揚城(cheng)市文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)精(jing)神，，同樣也(ye)能增(zeng)強新(xin)城(cheng)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)凝聚力(li)。

四、案例證說

(一)神農城項目概(gai)況

神(shen)農城是湖南重點項目(mu)，構建未來株洲大都市(shi)發展的新城市(shi)空間，其中有四(si)個方面目(mu)標(biao)定(ding)位(wei):

1．提(ti)升(sheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)公共(gong)空(kong)間質量，規劃采用整體城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)設(she)計的手法，對炎帝廣場的各個空(kong)間要素(su)進行(xing)整合、優化與提(ti)升(sheng)力(li)求表達人、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)以及自然的和(he)諧關系。

2．塑造新區商業中心，依托天臺山公園得天獨厚的(de)自然(ran)景觀(guan)和炎帝廣場的(de)人文資源，建設以休閑商業為主導的(de)區域，使之成(cheng)為株洲城市生活的(de)新旗艦(jian)。

3．以神農(nong)城(cheng)作(zuo)為株(zhu)洲的(de)城(cheng)市名片(pian)，將會使(shi)城(cheng)市具(ju)有(you)持續的(de)投資吸(xi)引(yin)力(li)，激活內(nei)外(wai)消(xiao)費(fei)活力(li)，并為所有(you)株(zhu)洲市民提供獨一無二的(de)城(cheng)市榮譽感。

4．建立都(dou)市綠(lv)色新生活(huo)，作為城(cheng)市客廳(ting)，要容(rong)納多時(shi)段多類型的活(huo)動，形成(cheng)為所有株洲人共享的生活(huo)休(xiu)閑空間(jian)。

(二(er))株(zhu)洲(zhou)新(xin)城市(shi)空(kong)間發展(zhan)SWOT分析

株(zhu)(zhu)洲(zhou)新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)SWOT分(fen)析(xi)通過(guo)新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)身優勢(shi)、缺失和(he)外部(bu)環(huan)境面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機遇、挑戰加以(yi)綜合分(fen)析(xi)，通過(guo)SWOT的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)可(ke)以(yi)看出株(zhu)(zhu)洲(zhou)神農城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)優勢(shi)在于(yu)基(ji)地處于(yu)株(zhu)(zhu)洲(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略(lve)性(xing)位置，是(shi)新(xin)(xin)老(lao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區交通主軸和(he)開發(fa)(fa)區綠(lv)化(hua)(hua)主軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交匯(hui)點、毗(pi)鄰未來(lai)(lai)市級(ji)行政中(zhong)心(xin)和(he)大(da)學城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，是(shi)未來(lai)(lai)株(zhu)(zhu)洲(zhou)大(da)都市發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心(xin)、天(tian)(tian)臺(tai)公(gong)園得天(tian)(tian)獨(du)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然景(jing)觀，都市綠(lv)色生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳詮釋、炎(yan)帝(di)廣(guang)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恢(hui)弘氣勢(shi)和(he)歷(li)史人(ren)文(wen)資源4個方(fang)面;劣勢(shi)在于(yu)活力(li)不足(zu)，公(gong)共服務缺失、廣(guang)場尺(chi)度過(guo)大(da)，核心(xin)凝聚力(li)不足(zu)。從天(tian)(tian)臺(tai)路上看，炎(yan)帝(di)像背影為(wei)鐵塔桁架(jia)結構(gou)，似被困于(yu)籠中(zhong)、空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)氛圍不足(zu)，儀式性(xing)、紀(ji)念性(xing)和(he)慶(qing)(qing)典性(xing)不夠突出、缺少固定(ding)節慶(qing)(qing)舞臺(tai)，有(you)大(da)型演出時，需(xu)要(yao)臨時搭(da)建、缺乏景(jing)觀設施，天(tian)(tian)臺(tai)公(gong)園目(mu)前處于(yu)一種自(zi)(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粗放狀態，缺少功(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介入以(yi)及界定(ding)6個方(fang)面;機遇在于(yu)新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營造(zao)是(shi)株(zhu)(zhu)洲(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)轉型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)契機，為(wei)適應現代休閑娛樂內容和(he)形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)更(geng)新(xin)(xin)和(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)形態設計應優先采(cai)用(yong)具有(you)較強生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開放性(xing)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)組合架(jia)構(gou)以(yi)滿(man)足(zu)適應變化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao);威脅(xie)在于(yu)長(chang)(chang)株(zhu)(zhu)潭(tan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市群中(zhong)中(zhong)心(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭力(li)，新(xin)(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)形態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)完善。

(三)株洲神農(nong)城城市設計策(ce)略(lve)

1．文化精神傳承。

將神(shen)農(nong)(nong)文(wen)化(hua)作為(wei)主題(ti)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)神(shen)農(nong)(nong)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深度(du)和(he)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)度(du)來詮釋和(he)提升城市(shi)(shi)格調，激(ji)活城市(shi)(shi)地塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)和(he)經濟價值，并(bing)對區域內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景觀(guan)要素和(he)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)功能(neng)要素化(hua)整為(wei)零，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聚(ju)落式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)(shi)滲透其間。通過對炎帝(di)(di)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)場(chang)原(yuan)高臺(tai)部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梳理，盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)保持(chi)原(yuan)有(you)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)結構，通過建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)，景觀(guan)和(he)構筑(zhu)物等多層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)襯托進一步確立炎帝(di)(di)像(xiang)(xiang)在(zai)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)場(chang)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心位置(zhi)。廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)場(chang)中軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強化(hua)使(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)炎帝(di)(di)像(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)背景的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舞臺(tai)更(geng)具儀式(shi)(shi)性和(he)慶典性，同時也讓市(shi)(shi)民能(neng)更(geng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路線(xian)進入(ru)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)場(chang)上層(ceng)空間。在(zai)炎帝(di)(di)像(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北部設置(zhi)景觀(guan)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)，聯系象征農(nong)(nong)耕文(wen)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炎帝(di)(di)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及工業文(wen)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電視塔。在(zai)這條(tiao)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)中央設置(zhi)了景觀(guan)水池，并(bing)在(zai)中央有(you)火焰噴出，在(zai)節慶時間形成(cheng)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及慶典效(xiao)果。

2．主題元素運用。

在廣場與(yu)建筑之間(jian)的(de)(de)帶形景觀通過(guo)設(she)計分別表達耕(geng)種、醫藥、服裳(shang)、弓矢、陶(tao)器(qi)以(yi)及樂器(qi)。并通過(guo)與(yu)商業街的(de)(de)功能設(she)置(zhi)相(xiang)呼應，達到互動的(de)(de)效果。在面對內街部分則通過(guo)商業廣場的(de)(de)設(she)置(zhi)表達炎(yan)帝文化中的(de)(de)商業精神。與(yu)線形的(de)(de)步行街道一起構成了有(you)節奏(zou)感的(de)(de)、收放的(de)(de)商業空間(jian)。

3．商業活(huo)力(li)營造。

拉鏈(lian)型商(shang)業(ye)建筑與(yu)(yu)原有背(bei)景建筑形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)一(yi)條(tiao)線形(xing)(xing)的步行街和六個小(xiao)型商(shang)業(ye)廣(guang)(guang)場，營造出有節奏(zou)感(gan)、層次豐(feng)富的商(shang)業(ye)空(kong)間(jian)。一(yi)二層為單面(mian)(mian)和雙面(mian)(mian)結合的主題(ti)品牌店(dian)(dian)和精品店(dian)(dian)。三四(si)層的咖啡和休閑餐(can)飲充分利(li)用大(da)面(mian)(mian)積的室(shi)外平(ping)臺，與(yu)(yu)商(shang)業(ye)內街構(gou)成(cheng)視覺的互動(dong)(dong)。在廣(guang)(guang)場內側加建商(shang)業(ye)內街，既將人(ren)的活(huo)動(dong)(dong)應向廣(guang)(guang)場，又與(yu)(yu)后(hou)部高層一(yi)起形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)統一(yi)的廣(guang)(guang)場大(da)背(bei)景。共(gong)同形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)一(yi)個宜人(ren)的室(shi)外公(gong)共(gong)空(kong)間(jian)。

4．生態低(di)碳表達(da)。

神(shen)農(nong)(nong)城以低(di)碳經濟的(de)(de)要求(qiu)組(zu)織業態(tai)，從(cong)規劃設(she)計、建筑施(shi)工、材料工藝等(deng)方面充(chong)分體現(xian)節能環(huan)保(bao)，采用太陽能、地熱等(deng)新能源、新技術(shu)，并引入(ru)污水(shui)處理的(de)(de)尾水(shui)和中(zhong)水(shui)回收循(xun)環(huan)，真正實(shi)現(xian)低(di)碳建設(she)發展。在具(ju)體的(de)(de)設(she)計中(zhong)，通過在神(shen)農(nong)(nong)城內部(bu)建設(she)一條親水(shui)綠(lv)化帶，串聯起各景(jing)觀(guan)環(huan)境要素，讓市民更好(hao)的(de)(de)與與森(sen)林(lin)、濕地、湖泊等(deng)自然景(jing)觀(guan)親密接觸;并結合炎帝文化，神(shen)農(nong)(nong)城打造農(nong)(nong)耕(geng)園(yuan)(yuan)、濕地園(yuan)(yuan)、百草園(yuan)(yuan)等(deng)豐(feng)富多彩的(de)(de)植被園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)景(jing)觀(guan)。一系列的(de)(de)景(jing)觀(guan)環(huan)境營(ying)造讓神(shen)農(nong)(nong)城綠(lv)化率高達80%以上，保(bao)護原有生(sheng)態(tai)，充(chong)分彰顯(xian)環(huan)境友好(hao)、生(sheng)態(tai)宜居，顯(xian)現(xian)公益性。

5．構(gou)建標志(zhi)性(xing)公共建筑。

標志(zhi)(zhi)物凝(ning)(ning)聚(ju)著(zhu)人們對(dui)新城(cheng)(cheng)市空間的(de)(de)(de)認知(zhi)印象，體(ti)現著(zhu)新空間的(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)形(xing)象特征，是增強區域內凝(ning)(ning)聚(ju)力和吸(xi)引力的(de)(de)(de)集中(zhong)表現。新城(cheng)(cheng)市空間中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)標志(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)建筑中(zhong)引入更加(jia)強調的(de)(de)(de)互動參與功能，讓(rang)人們對(dui)標志(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)建筑的(de)(de)(de)印象不僅停留(liu)在外部空間形(xing)象上(shang)，還有更多的(de)(de)(de)互動體(ti)驗過程(cheng)。所(suo)以神(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)城(cheng)(cheng)項目建設在公益性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，神(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)城(cheng)(cheng)以神(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)文化為(wei)主題，營造生(sheng)態水系(神(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)渠)和神(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)廣場、神(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)太陽城(cheng)(cheng)、神(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)像(xiang)、神(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)湖、神(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)文化藝術中(zhong)心、神(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)大道、神(shen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)塔(ta)等一(yi)批標志(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)建筑與景觀(guan)，而這些(xie)景觀(guan)，都對(dui)市民開放(fang)，提升市民的(de)(de)(de)公共生(sheng)活質(zhi)量(liang)。

篇10

一、從行政管理、公(gong)共行政到公(gong)共管理

行政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)、公(gong)(gong)共行政(zheng)、公(gong)(gong)共管(guan)(guan)理(li)，都是指對社會公(gong)(gong)共事務管(guan)(guan)理(li)的活動，盡管(guan)(guan)這三種(zhong)稱謂有(you)著大致相同的指涉對象，但是它(ta)們之間卻(que)有(you)著彼此理(li)念的不同。

如果我們從對社(she)會公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事務(wu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)角度去看，隨著時(shi)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)管(guan)(guan)’理(li)(li)(li)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)它們依次鋪就(jiu)了管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、到治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)演進之路。在公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)私沒有區分(fen)、國家體(ti)系內部缺乏合理(li)(li)(li)分(fen)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)專制(zhi)社(she)會時(shi)代(dai)(dai)，行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)落(luo)實，其(qi)功(gong)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)依靠(kao)暴力和(he)(he)強制(zhi)負責國家政(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)推行(xing)(xing)(xing)，以(yi)(yi)維護(hu)統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者的(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)益(yi)；公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)出(chu)現(xian)在私人(ren)領域(yu)與(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)領域(yu)相分(fen)離(li)、行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)與(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相分(fen)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)社(she)會，其(qi)功(gong)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)按照代(dai)(dai)議制(zhi)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)制(zhi)、非人(ren)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)法律體(ti)系、官(guan)僚制(zhi)組織(zhi)原則以(yi)(yi)及職業(ye)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)官(guan)制(zhi)度統(tong)攬社(she)會公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事務(wu)，以(yi)(yi)實現(xian)統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)(li)益(yi)和(he)(he)社(she)會公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)益(yi)；公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)則出(chu)現(xian)在公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)社(she)會自治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能力與(yu)要(yao)求不斷(duan)擴展(zhan)、市場機(ji)制(zhi)不斷(duan)成(cheng)(cheng)熟與(yu)市場力量(liang)不斷(duan)壯大、政(zheng)(zheng)府獨攬公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)“不可(ke)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)”危機(ji)日益(yi)加重的(de)(de)(de)全球化(hua)和(he)(he)信息化(hua)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事務(wu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)多元化(hua)和(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)方法的(de)(de)(de)多樣性(xing)，適應(ying)了當(dang)今時(shi)代(dai)(dai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事務(wu)日益(yi)復雜化(hua)及其(qi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)客觀要(yao)求，體(ti)現(xian)了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事務(wu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)”與(yu)“管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)”的(de)(de)(de)有機(ji)統(tong)一，無論在合法性(xing)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)在社(she)會資源方面，都為實現(xian)和(he)(he)增進公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)利(li)(li)益(yi)開辟了新(xin)途徑。20世紀(ji)90年代(dai)(dai)以(yi)(yi)來(lai)由(you)(you)于公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)興起與(yu)壯大等原因，治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)論出(chu)現(xian)并(bing)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)起來(lai)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)逐(zhu)漸成(cheng)(cheng)為對社(she)會公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事務(wu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)一種新(xin)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)，其(qi)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)念(nian)也逐(zhu)漸成(cheng)(cheng)為了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)內涵，同時(shi)，它也使公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)進入了區別(bie)于行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)。

二、公民社會(hui)在(zai)公共管理中的雙重(zhong)身(shen)份與多重(zhong)角色

現時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)最(zui)突出的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征之(zhi)一(yi)是(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)主體的(de)(de)(de)(de)多元性(xing)(xing)，它是(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)合作(zuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)權(quan)(quan)力(li)向社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)回歸。現時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)有(you)(you)賴于公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自愿合作(zuo)和(he)(he)(he)其對(dui)(dui)權(quan)(quan)威的(de)(de)(de)(de)自覺認(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)具有(you)(you)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)主體和(he)(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙重(zhong)身(shen)(shen)份，而(er)且這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雙重(zhong)身(shen)(shen)份在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)又以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征優勢起著(zhu)不可(ke)替代的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)。一(yi)方面，作(zuo)為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主體，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)與政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)一(yi)道對(dui)(dui)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)生活進行(xing)(xing)合作(zuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。在(zai)這(zhe)個過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)它那種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)來自基層(ceng)、靈活多樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)(xing)正好彌(mi)補了(le)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不足和(he)(he)(he)有(you)(you)限性(xing)(xing)，從而(er)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大大提(ti)升(sheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv)和(he)(he)(he)效(xiao)果。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)在(zai)與政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合作(zuo)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，能夠有(you)(you)更(geng)(geng)(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)機會(hui)(hui)(hui)了(le)解到(dao)(dao)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)力(li)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，從而(er)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起到(dao)(dao)對(dui)(dui)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)更(geng)(geng)(geng)有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)督作(zuo)用(yong)。此外，在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，健康(kang)有(you)(you)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)組織可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)得(de)到(dao)(dao)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)和(he)(he)(he)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)更(geng)(geng)(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)可(ke)，這(zhe)些組織以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)目標和(he)(he)(he)信(xin)念(nian)把人(ren)(ren)們聚集到(dao)(dao)一(yi)起，在(zai)這(zhe)個過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)與人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間增強了(le)彼此的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)任、提(ti)升(sheng)了(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)益精(jing)神，從而(er)有(you)(you)利(li)于社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)資本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)積累。另一(yi)方面，作(zuo)為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)在(zai)參(can)與管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果，從而(er)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)接受(shou)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)份對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果做出判(pan)定以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)利(li)于公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)漸至最(zui)優。其次，通過公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)組織，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)在(zai)參(can)與社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)事務管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)又以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)普通社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)成員的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)份為政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)增強了(le)合法性(xing)(xing)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)也(ye)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)完善又可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)促進更(geng)(geng)(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)最(zui)終是(shi)要(yao)推動社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全面發(fa)展，作(zuo)為當(dang)代公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支重(zhong)要(yao)力(li)量，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其特(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙重(zhong)身(shen)(shen)份在(zai)這(zhe)個過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)又扮演著(zhu)多重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)角色(se)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其特(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值訴(su)求與功(gong)能表達(da)影響著(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成效(xiao)。

第(di)一，公(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)社會(hui)(hui)是政治民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主的(de)(de)捍衛者。公(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)社會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)自主發展能有效的(de)(de)分(fen)割和(he)制(zhi)衡國家的(de)(de)權力(li)，從(cong)而能有效的(de)(de)遏制(zhi)公(gong)共(gong)權力(li)的(de)(de)專(zhuan)斷傾向；公(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)社會(hui)(hui)可以為公(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)利益表(biao)達(da)提供多樣的(de)(de)表(biao)達(da)形(xing)式和(he)途徑(jing)，保(bao)障公(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)利益表(biao)達(da)的(de)(de)通暢(chang)，從(cong)而提升民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主政治的(de)(de)代表(biao)性與(yu)生命力(li)；此外，公(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)社會(hui)(hui)對(dui)培育公(gong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主參與(yu)意識具有積極的(de)(de)作用(yong)，能夠強化民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主的(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)基礎從(cong)而推動社會(hui)(hui)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主的(de)(de)發展。

第二(er)，公民(min)社(she)會(hui)是(shi)經(jing)濟發展的(de)促進者。公民(min)社(she)會(hui)是(shi)一個以契約(yue)、法制、自由(you)、平等、競爭為(wei)價值準則(ze)的(de)社(she)會(hui)，這為(wei)市場經(jing)濟的(de)運行提供了良好(hao)的(de)市場環境。此外，公民(min)社(she)會(hui)中的(de)工(gong)會(hui)、行業協會(hui)等團體組織可以起(qi)到規范(fan)行業行為(wei)、穩定經(jing)濟秩序(xu)的(de)作用。

第三，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)提(ti)(ti)升者(zhe)。由于公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)需要的(de)多樣性和政(zheng)(zheng)府的(de)有(you)限(xian)性，政(zheng)(zheng)府并不能(neng)為社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)做(zuo)好所(suo)有(you)的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)。而以第三部門為核心的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)因其具有(you)來自基(ji)層、靈活多樣的(de)特征(zheng)和其“去(qu)私存公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、取私為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”的(de)“非營利(li)”特性以及其服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)、自助自主的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)精神，使之恰好成為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)參(can)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)良(liang)好渠(qu)道(dao)，并能(neng)有(you)效彌(mi)補(bu)政(zheng)(zheng)府在公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)上的(de)缺限(xian)和不足，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)組織可以通過委托承包、志愿服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)、自助服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)等方式(shi)和途徑，去(qu)做(zuo)那些政(zheng)(zheng)府未做(zuo)、不想做(zuo)或不宜做(zuo)但卻(que)符合大(da)眾需求的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)，從而使社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)水平大(da)大(da)提(ti)(ti)升。

第(di)四，公(gong)(gong)民(min)社(she)會(hui)(hui)是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)值的(de)(de)維護者。與(yu)(yu)其他領(ling)(ling)域(yu)(yu)一樣，公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)領(ling)(ling)域(yu)(yu)同樣存在著對(dui)(dui)善的(de)(de)追求。公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)領(ling)(ling)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)善就是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)值，它包括公(gong)(gong)民(min)對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)態度、責任與(yu)(yu)義(yi)務，對(dui)(dui)他人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)尊重與(yu)(yu)關愛(ai)，對(dui)(dui)社(she)會(hui)(hui)正義(yi)的(de)(de)維護以及公(gong)(gong)民(min)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)思(si)想與(yu)(yu)修養。公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)核心是(shi)(shi)為了增進人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)利益(yi)和(he)福祉(zhi)，這(zhe)實(shi)際上就包含了對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)值的(de)(de)追求：公(gong)(gong)民(min)社(she)會(hui)(hui)是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)象，它同時又(you)是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)主(zhu)體構成之一，公(gong)(gong)民(min)社(she)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)精神與(yu)(yu)價(jia)(jia)值必然會(hui)(hui)影響到公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)目標和(he)價(jia)(jia)值。公(gong)(gong)民(min)社(she)會(hui)(hui)所倡導的(de)(de)諸如參(can)與(yu)(yu)、友愛(ai)、信任、互惠、寬(kuan)容、合(he)作(zuo)、平等(deng)、公(gong)(gong)正、開放、多元等(deng)價(jia)(jia)值理念，對(dui)(dui)于維拼良好的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)(jia)值具(ju)有重要的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。

第五，公民社(she)會(hui)是社(she)會(hui)穩定的(de)(de)支持者。公民社(she)會(hui)能夠在個人(ren)和(he)社(she)會(hui)之間(jian)提供一(yi)種有益(yi)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)介(jie)結構(gou)。通(tong)過這(zhe)一(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)介(jie)結構(gou)，它(ta)(ta)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)為不同(tong)的(de)(de)群(qun)體(ti)和(he)階(jie)層(ceng)的(de)(de)利益(yi)訴(su)求(qiu)(qiu)提供表達途徑(jing)，同(tong)時(shi)又可(ke)(ke)以(yi)對他們(men)的(de)(de)利益(yi)訴(su)求(qiu)(qiu)進行整合；通(tong)過這(zhe)一(yi)結構(gou)，它(ta)(ta)還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)為社(she)會(hui)成員提供寬松的(de)(de)活動空(kong)間(jian)，滿足(zu)他們(men)多樣(yang)性(xing)的(de)(de)愿望要求(qiu)(qiu)，同(tong)時(shi)這(zhe)一(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)介(jie)結構(gou)還起到(dao)了排解社(she)會(hui)怨氣、釋放(fang)社(she)會(hui)壓力的(de)(de)作用。可(ke)(ke)以(yi)說公民社(she)會(hui)是一(yi)個社(she)會(hui)和(he)諧(xie)發展的(de)(de)“穩定器(qi)(qi)”、“緩沖器(qi)(qi)”和(he)“調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)”。

三、公共(gong)管理；政府(fu)與公民社會的合(he)作管理

公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)是政(zheng)府(fu)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)民社會對公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)社會生活的一(yi)種合作(zuo)(zuo)管(guan)理(li)(li)，在(zai)這(zhe)種管(guan)理(li)(li)模式中，政(zheng)府(fu)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)民社會之間應是建立在(zai)市(shi)場(chang)原則、公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)利(li)益(yi)和認同之上的合作(zuo)(zuo)關(guan)系(xi)，通過協商、伙伴(ban)關(guan)系(xi)、確立認同和共(gong)(gong)同目(mu)標(biao)等方式對公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)事務實(shi)施管(guan)理(li)(li)。具體來講，這(zhe)種政(zheng)府(fu)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)民社會合作(zuo)(zuo)管(guan)理(li)(li)模式下(xia)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)可(ke)以(yi)從以(yi)下(xia)幾點進行認識。

第一，公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)由多(duo)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)主體(ti)組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)動(dong)體(ti)系(xi)。政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)并(bing)非公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯一主體(ti)，除此(ci)之外，私(si)營部(bu)(bu)(bu)門、第三(san)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門等(deng)公(gong)(gong)民社會組織在公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)事務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)也扮演著(zhu)重要(yao)角色，它們在介于(yu)市場經濟(ji)與公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“社會經濟(ji)”領(ling)域(yu)內積極活(huo)動(dong)并(bing)依靠自(zi)身(shen)資源參與管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)關切的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會事務，在某些領(ling)域(yu)，公(gong)(gong)民社會組織甚至比政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)擁有更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢。公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)主體(ti)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門，也可以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)私(si)營部(bu)(bu)(bu)門，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)第三(san)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門，還可以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)三(san)者(zhe)多(duo)種形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合作。這正如著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)論研究者(zhe)斯托克指出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那樣(yang)；“治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)意味著(zhu)一系(xi)列來自(zi)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)但(dan)又不(bu)限于(yu)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)機構和行(xing)為者(zhe)。它對傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家和政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)權(quan)威提出挑戰，政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)家惟一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)力(li)中(zhong)心。各(ge)種公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和私(si)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機構只要(yao)其行(xing)使的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)力(li)得到公(gong)(gong)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認可，就都可能成為在各(ge)個不(bu)同(tong)層面上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)力(li)中(zhong)心。”

第二，公(gong)(gong)共(gong)管理(li)的責任(ren)邊(bian)界(jie)具有相當的模糊性。公(gong)(gong)共(gong)管理(li)責任(ren)邊(bian)界(jie)的模糊性表現(xian)(xian)為許(xu)多民營(ying)部(bu)(bu)門向傳統公(gong)(gong)共(gong)領(ling)域(yu)的進軍，公(gong)(gong)共(gong)領(ling)域(yu)和(he)市場(chang)領(ling)域(yu)的區分已不像以(yi)前那樣明(ming)顯。在市場(chang)和(he)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)部(bu)(bu)門之間被稱之為“社(she)會(hui)經濟”的領(ling)域(yu)中(zhong)，涌現(xian)(xian)了所謂非(fei)營(ying)利組(zu)織、志愿團體、社(she)區企(qi)業、合作社(she)、社(she)區互助組(zu)織等大量(liang)公(gong)(gong)民社(she)會(hui)組(zu)織，它(ta)們(men)在社(she)會(hui)中(zhong)的作用和(he)影響越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)大。伴(ban)隨(sui)著這些公(gong)(gong)民社(she)會(hui)組(zu)織能夠滿足多方需要(yao)，解(jie)決社(she)會(hui)問題(ti)而無需運用政(zheng)府資(zi)源和(he)權(quan)威的優勢(shi)(shi)日益顯現(xian)(xian)以(yi)及傳統上(shang)由(you)政(zheng)府執掌的部(bu)(bu)分公(gong)(gong)共(gong)管理(li)權(quan)向這些非(fei)政(zheng)府組(zu)織的轉移，傳統上(shang)法律和(he)制(zhi)度規定由(you)政(zheng)府承擔(dan)的公(gong)(gong)共(gong)管理(li)責任(ren)便呈現(xian)(xian)出(chu)交(jiao)由(you)非(fei)政(zheng)府組(zu)織和(he)個人來(lai)承擔(dan)的趨勢(shi)(shi)。