導言：作為寫作愛(ai)好者，不(bu)可錯過為您精(jing)心(xin)挑選的(de)(de)10篇公(gong)共管理常用理論，它們(men)將為您的(de)(de)寫作提(ti)供全新的(de)(de)視(shi)角，我們(men)衷(zhong)心(xin)期待您的(de)(de)閱讀，并希望(wang)這些內容能為您提(ti)供靈(ling)感和參考。

篇1

中圖分類號：TU99 文獻標識(shi)碼：A 文章(zhang)編號：1009-914X（2017）08-0237-01

1 O理(li)安全(quan)管理(li)的重要性

安(an)全管理是(shi)法律、法規(gui)(gui)賦(fu)予的(de)重(zhong)要職(zhi)責《建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)全生產管理條例》第十四條規(gui)(gui)定：工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)理單位(wei)應當審查(cha)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)組織設計(ji)中的(de)安(an)全技術措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)專項施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方案是(shi)否符(fu)合(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設強制(zhi)性標準(zhun)。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)理單位(wei)和監(jian)理工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師應當按照法律、法規(gui)(gui)和工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設強制(zhi)性標準(zhun)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)監(jian)理，并對建設工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)全生產承擔監(jian)理責任。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)理單位(wei)在實(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)監(jian)理過程(cheng)(cheng)中，發(fa)現存在安(an)全事(shi)故隱患的(de)，應當要求(qiu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)整(zheng)改；情況嚴重(zhong)的(de)，應當要求(qiu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)暫時(shi)停(ting)止施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，并及時(shi)報告(gao)建設單位(wei)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)拒不整(zheng)改或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)不停(ting)止施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)理單位(wei)應當及時(shi)向有關主管部門報告(gao)。

2 市(shi)政公用工程安全管(guan)理概述

市政公用工程是指為城市大眾服務的工程項目，主要包含新建、擴建、改建城市道路及有關路政配套設施，城市照明、園林、污水和垃圾處理等有關工程。市政公用工程不同于通常施工項目，其具有施工場合多變、工作環境復雜、影響規劃廣、施工條件差等特點，因而施工安全管理極為主要。市政公用工程安全事故相對于通常工程事故，其背景原因更為復雜，可是大多數事故都與各種管理原因有關。可以說，進行科學、合理、有效的市政公用工程安全管理是降低事故發生概率的主要途徑。市政公用工程安全管理是通常的安全管理理論和辦法(fa)在市(shi)政(zheng)公(gong)用工(gong)程(cheng)范(fan)疇(chou)的詳細體(ti)現(xian)，是(shi)包含施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)、業(ye)主及其監(jian)理組(zu)織、中介組(zu)織對有關工(gong)程(cheng)項目進行的安(an)(an)全(quan)管理，是(shi)依據安(an)(an)全(quan)管理理論(lun)、思(si)想、法(fa)律法(fa)規的最直接、最詳細的微觀管理。

3 市政公用工(gong)程安全(quan)管理現狀(zhuang)與存(cun)在問題

3.1 施(shi)工規(gui)劃與管理水平不平衡

伴隨著城市(shi)規(gui)劃的(de)不斷擴(kuo)大和施工(gong)技能的(de)進步，城市(shi)公(gong)用工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)規(gui)劃不斷擴(kuo)大，施工(gong)難度也在(zai)不斷添加，而施工(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理(li)的(de)體(ti)系與管理(li)辦法(fa)并沒有進行適應性(xing)的(de)改善和革新，這種展開上的(de)不平(ping)衡致(zhi)使(shi)當時市(shi)政公(gong)用工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理(li)中存在(zai)許多(duo)問題，并容易埋(mai)下(xia)施工(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)隱(yin)患(huan)，不利(li)于(yu)施工(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理(li)水(shui)平(ping)的(de)提高。

3.2 施(shi)(shi)工環境與(yu)施(shi)(shi)工方法復雜多變

伴隨著城(cheng)市(shi)功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷拓展，市(shi)政公(gong)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也開始“上天入地”。當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)政公(gong)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)僅包含了(le)很多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)架(jia)橋梁(liang)等高(gao)空工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)項目，還包含了(le)很多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以軌道交通為代表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地下工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)項目。此外，市(shi)政公(gong)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)合多(duo)(duo)坐落建(jian)筑和人(ren)員極(ji)為密布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)心地帶，其(qi)(qi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)條(tiao)件比其(qi)(qi)他任何工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目都更為復雜(za)多(duo)(duo)變(bian)(bian)，這些都給(gei)(gei)市(shi)政公(gong)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安全管理(li)提出(chu)了(le)嚴重應戰。市(shi)政工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)合與環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)性和多(duo)(duo)變(bian)(bian)性對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)提出(chu)了(le)更高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。因而，在詳細施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)業過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)需(xu)求(qiu)依據不(bu)(bu)同(tong)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詳細狀(zhuang)況選(xuan)用(yong)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)法(fa)。以地鐵(tie)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為例，依據不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地表建(jian)筑與地質環境(jing)狀(zhuang)況，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)蓋挖(wa)(wa)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)明挖(wa)(wa)區間施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)則需(xu)求(qiu)選(xuan)用(yong)暗挖(wa)(wa)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)方法(fa)需(xu)求(qiu)對(dui)應不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全管理(li)技能手(shou)段，這也給(gei)(gei)當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)政公(gong)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全管理(li)帶來了(le)巨大艱難(nan)。

3.3 施工人員徹底認識缺乏

因為(wei)(wei)(wei)我(wo)國的(de)特別國情和展開現狀，建造施(shi)工(gong)(gong)領域的(de)一(yi)(yi)線職工(gong)(gong)主要由打工(gong)(gong)者構成，市政公用(yong)工(gong)(gong)程建設范(fan)疇(chou)也不(bu)破例(li)。這一(yi)(yi)龐大的(de)流動(dong)性集(ji)體很難(nan)承受到(dao)體系(xi)的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)教(jiao)學，安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)認(ren)識(shi)淡漠(mo)的(de)狀況(kuang)還十分普遍，主要表現為(wei)(wei)(wei)違背施(shi)工(gong)(gong)操作(zuo)規程等方(fang)面，一(yi)(yi)旦遇到(dao)突發安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)狀況(kuang)，不(bu)能采納正確的(de)應(ying)對(dui)辦法。總歸，一(yi)(yi)線施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)認(ren)識(shi)缺(que)乏(fa)已經成為(wei)(wei)(wei)市政公用(yong)工(gong)(gong)程領域安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)事故(gu)多(duo)發的(de)一(yi)(yi)個主要誘因。

3.4 安全(quan)管理辦法(fa)不到(dao)位

市政(zheng)公用工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)環境復雜多(duo)變，而施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)(ye)通常不(bu)能依據現場(chang)的(de)詳細狀況(kuang)(kuang)有針對性的(de)擬定(ding)安(an)全管(guan)理(li)準則。對比遍及的(de)狀況(kuang)(kuang)是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)(ye)直接利用本企業(ye)(ye)固有的(de)管(guan)理(li)準則作為現場(chang)管(guan)理(li)準則。另(ling)一方面，施(shi)工(gong)企業(ye)(ye)對安(an)全管(guan)理(li)注重缺(que)乏，管(guan)理(li)人員的(de)裝備、檢(jian)查次數(shu)和防(fang)護辦法不(bu)到位，也(ye)在一定(ding)程(cheng)度上(shang)增大了安(an)全管(guan)理(li)的(de)難度。

4 市政公(gong)用工程的(de)安全管(guan)理對策

4.1 加強施工(gong)人員安(an)全(quan)教學、提高安(an)全(quan)認識

施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)和政府監管(guan)(guan)部門(men)一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)從戰略高度審視(shi)市政公用工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)問(wen)題。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)實(shi)(shi)在(zai)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)《建筑施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)負(fu)(fu)責(ze)人及項(xiang)目負(fu)(fu)責(ze)人施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場帶班暫行(xing)辦法(fa)》的(de)(de)有(you)關要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，項(xiang)目負(fu)(fu)責(ze)人甚(shen)至企業(ye)(ye)負(fu)(fu)責(ze)人都要(yao)(yao)深化施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目一(yi)線(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)和催促各種(zhong)(zhong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)辦法(fa)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)狀況。對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場存在(zai)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)問(wen)題，一(yi)經發現(xian)當(dang)即整改(gai)。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程結算時實(shi)(shi)行(xing)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)一(yi)票否(fou)決制，在(zai)準則(ze)的(de)(de)源頭杜(du)絕(jue)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)隱患的(de)(de)發生。對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)認識不高的(de)(de)問(wen)題，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)加(jia)強崗(gang)前安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)教學。其間，安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)常識的(de)(de)遍(bian)及要(yao)(yao)包含(han)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)與應急搶救等(deng)內(nei)容，不同工(gong)(gong)(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)教學內(nei)容要(yao)(yao)有(you)針對性，保證施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員了解有(you)關安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)常識，具有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)應急處理(li)與自救能(neng)力(li)后(hou)方可上崗(gang)。

4.2 加強安(an)全管理準則建造

樹(shu)立科學、完(wan)善的(de)管理準(zhun)(zhun)則是提(ti)高市政公用工(gong)(gong)程安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管理水平的(de)核(he)心。管理準(zhun)(zhun)則的(de)建造要(yao)與(yu)管理目(mu)(mu)標的(de)特點相適應，能夠(gou)有(you)效束縛(fu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)的(de)各(ge)種不(bu)標準(zhun)(zhun)做(zuo)法(fa)，杜絕(jue)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)隱(yin)患。主要(yao)，要(yao)樹(shu)立崗位(wei)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)責任(ren)制與(yu)有(you)關查(cha)核(he)機制，明確項目(mu)(mu)一切參(can)與(yu)者需(xu)求完(wan)結的(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)與(yu)承當(dang)的(de)責任(ren)，對實行(xing)狀況(kuang)進行(xing)定時查(cha)核(he)，并與(yu)個人收入(ru)掛鉤。其(qi)次，企業的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)部門(men)與(yu)分擔負責人要(yao)定時展開安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)檢查(cha)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，輔導和催促(cu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)部門(men)加(jia)強(qiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管理，最大極限消除(chu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)隱(yin)患。再次，要(yao)加(jia)強(qiang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)辦法(fa)的(de)費用投(tou)入(ru)與(yu)管理。徹底投(tou)入(ru)是提(ti)升安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管理水平的(de)保障，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業要(yao)采納實在辦法(fa)保障安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)投(tou)入(ru)，并及時計算詳細狀況(kuang)。最終，要(yao)做(zuo)好安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)常識的(de)教學宣(xuan)傳工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，對一切參(can)加(jia)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)與(yu)管理的(de)人員展開繼續不(bu)斷(duan)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)常識教學和宣(xuan)傳工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，營建濃厚的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)空(kong)氣，提(ti)高安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)認識。

4.3 注意(yi)消除周邊環(huan)境安全隱患

施工過程中要(yao)時(shi)間重視周邊環境的變化(hua)，提早(zao)擬定(ding)出必要(yao)的安全預案和(he)防范辦法。例如(ru)，要(yao)依(yi)據施工現場特點(dian)，擬定(ding)出惡劣氣候(hou)的應對(dui)行動，特別是在冬、旱季(ji)施工時(shi)期，要(yao)依(yi)據雨雪、低(di)溫(wen)等極點(dian)氣候(hou)狀況，靈(ling)敏(min)調整現場施工組織，將環境變化(hua)也(ye)許形成的安全事故概率降到(dao)最低(di)。

4.4 全面推行標準化工地(di)建(jian)造(zao)

標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)地(di)建造是提升市政公(gong)用工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)安全(quan)(quan)管理水(shui)平的(de)有效行動。政府有關(guan)(guan)部(bu)門要本(ben)(ben)著“標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)地(di)全(quan)(quan)掩蓋”的(de)準(zhun)則，深化(hua)(hua)展開標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)地(di)的(de)創(chuang)(chuang)立活動，經過(guo)標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)地(di)評選，樹立典型(xing)形象，提升本(ben)(ben)地(di)市政公(gong)用工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)安全(quan)(quan)管理水(shui)平。有關(guan)(guan)部(bu)門要結合(he)本(ben)(ben)地(di)實踐(jian)擬定施(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)地(di)的(de)標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)管理內容，不僅包含施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全(quan)(quan)管理標準(zhun)，還包含施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)管理和文明(ming)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管理的(de)有關(guan)(guan)標準(zhun)。此外，在(zai)(zai)標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)地(di)的(de)創(chuang)(chuang)立過(guo)程(cheng)中要加(jia)強監(jian)督管理，保證評定成果(guo)的(de)公(gong)平合(he)理，對獲獎工(gong)(gong)地(di)采納必要的(de)獎賞和政策優惠，充分(fen)發(fa)揮其(qi)在(zai)(zai)安全(quan)(quan)管理中的(de)主要作用。

結束語

總結過往，在(zai)監(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作中應(ying)加(jia)強法律、法規(gui)、規(gui)范以(yi)及安(an)(an)全專業(ye)知識的學習(xi)，不斷提高(gao)自(zi)已的工(gong)(gong)作責任心(xin)，提高(gao)安(an)(an)全風(feng)險(xian)識別能力；要加(jia)強對施工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位的安(an)(an)全交底和隱患、事故(gu)預防(fang)控(kong)制工(gong)(gong)作；要加(jia)強巡查、檢查、旁站工(gong)(gong)作；要落實好各項管(guan)理(li)制度，且在(zai)工(gong)(gong)作中要發揚(yang)團隊精神，加(jia)強監(jian)控(kong)力度。只有通過不懈的努力，才能提高(gao)安(an)(an)全管(guan)理(li)的工(gong)(gong)作質量，減(jian)少安(an)(an)全隱患，杜絕安(an)(an)全生(sheng)產事故(gu)的發生(sheng)，確保(bao)建設工(gong)(gong)程在(zai)保(bao)證(zheng)安(an)(an)全的前提下(xia)順利實現(xian)項目建設目標(biao)。

參考文獻

[1] 王德林(lin)，劉生和(he).市政公用(yong)工程道路的施工[J].環球市場信息(xi)導報.2015（03）.

篇2

中圖(tu)分(fen)類號：TU198 文獻標(biao)識(shi)碼：A

施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)(xiang)目現(xian)(xian)場(chang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)好(hao)壞，涉(she)及到(dao)(dao)項(xiang)(xiang)目施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)活動的(de)(de)正常進(jin)行(xing)，也直接(jie)關(guan)系到(dao)(dao)各項(xiang)(xiang)專(zhuan)業管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)效果。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)直接(jie)體現(xian)(xian)到(dao)(dao)企(qi)業的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)水(shui)平和(he)整體實力(li)，同(tong)時(shi)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)也是一項(xiang)(xiang)嚴肅的(de)(de)社(she)會問題和(he)政(zheng)治(zhi)問題，不(bu)能有(you)半點疏忽。科(ke)學合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li), 可(ke)以(yi)有(you)效確保(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)能遵循客觀規(gui)律(lv)進(jin)行(xing), 可(ke)以(yi)提高施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)代化技術(shu)水(shui)平,進(jin)而進(jin)行(xing)科(ke)學化的(de)(de)攻(gong)關(guan)排(pai)艱, 并采取有(you)效措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)處(chu)理(li)(li)和(he)解決出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)技術(shu)難(nan)題, 消(xiao)除建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)技術(shu)隱患, 保(bao)證整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)程現(xian)(xian)場(chang)各項(xiang)(xiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)的(de)(de)安全有(you)效進(jin)行(xing), 從而有(you)效確保(bao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量, 最(zui)大限度地降(jiang)低(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價, 提高工(gong)(gong)(gong)程效益(yi), 實現(xian)(xian)建筑企(qi)業市場(chang)競爭(zheng)力(li)的(de)(de)提升。 

1建筑施工現場管(guan)理的重要性

 1.1建筑產品施工進(jin)度的快慢、質量的優(you)劣、成(cheng)本的高低、效益的好壞,都與施工現場管理(li)水平息息相關。

1.2加(jia)強施工現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)管理是市場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)需要(yao)。建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)企業要(yao)在激烈的(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)中求生存(cun)。求發展,就(jiu)(jiu)必須(xu)向市場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)提供(gong)質量好(hao)、造價(jia)和(he)工期(qi)合理的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)產品(pin),而這種產品(pin)是在施工現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)中建(jian)(jian)造出來(lai)的(de)(de),就(jiu)(jiu)必須(xu)靠(kao)施工現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)管理來(lai)保證(zheng)其質量。施工現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)管理水(shui)平的(de)(de)高低決定著建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)企業對(dui)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)應變能力和(he)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)能力。

1.3加強(qiang)施工現場管理(li)是現代(dai)化(hua)大(da)生產的需(xu)要。隨著科學技(ji)術(shu)不斷(duan)飛速發展(zhan),高層(ceng)、大(da)跨(kua)度、復(fu)雜(za)的建(jian)筑物越來越多,在土建(jian)施工中新(xin)(xin)技(ji)術(shu)、新(xin)(xin)材料(liao)、新(xin)(xin)工藝(yi)、新(xin)(xin)設備不斷(duan)涌(yong)現,并得到了推廣(guang)應用(yong)。

1.4施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)也代(dai)表了企業的(de)(de)形象。只有(you)狠抓(zhua)現(xian)場(chang)管(guan)理,提高(gao)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)管(guan)理水平。才能(neng)(neng)增強(qiang)企業的(de)(de)競(jing)爭能(neng)(neng)力,擴大市場(chang)占有(you)率,才能(neng)(neng)在(zai)強(qiang)手(shou)如(ru)林的(de)(de)社會主義市場(chang)競(jing)爭中立(li)于不敗之地。

2影響施工現場管(guan)理的主要因(yin)素

2.1施工隊(dui)伍(wu)。項(xiang)(xiang)目前期施工隊(dui)伍(wu)的(de)(de)選擇是項(xiang)(xiang)目管(guan)理中一個(ge)很重要的(de)(de)環節，在(zai)選擇施工隊(dui)伍(wu)時一定要慎重考察，在(zai)制定合(he)同時要結合(he)分(fen)包項(xiang)(xiang)目的(de)(de)特點、有(you)可能(neng)出現的(de)(de)問題，充分(fen)考慮(lv)各種不(bu)確定因素，用合(he)同去制約。

2.2人的(de)因素(su)。包括決策(ce)的(de)失誤，計劃不(bu)周，指揮不(bu)當，控制協調不(bu)力(li)，責任(ren)不(bu)清，行為失誤等人的(de)干擾(rao)因素(su)是(shi)影響目標(biao)實現的(de)一個主要原(yuan)因，尤其在管理層、決策(ce)層的(de)影響面就較大，因此，選(xuan)派項目經理必須(xu)慎重，要求有較高的(de)政治(zhi)素(su)質和業(ye)務(wu)素(su)質，有較強的(de)組織能(neng)力(li)和指揮協調能(neng)力(li)。

2.3材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)因素。包(bao)括供(gong)應(ying)不(bu)(bu)及時，供(gong)應(ying)品種、規格(ge)、數量(liang)、質量(liang)不(bu)(bu)合(he)乎(hu)要(yao)求，價格(ge)不(bu)(bu)合(he)理，材(cai)(cai)料(liao)試(shi)驗中的(de)問題，材(cai)(cai)料(liao)使(shi)用不(bu)(bu)當(dang)等(deng)，也可能發生類似材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)問題，會(hui)直接影響到施工進度、工程質量(liang)和工程成(cheng)本。

2.4機械(xie)設備的(de)因素。機械(xie)選用(yong)不(bu)(bu)當、供應不(bu)(bu)及(ji)時、操作中出現的(de)問題(ti)、機械(xie)故障、維修不(bu)(bu)當、利用(yong)率低、效率發揮不(bu)(bu)好、更新不(bu)(bu)及(ji)時、收費(fei)不(bu)(bu)合理等(deng)影響施工正常進行，導致質量事(shi)故，安全事(shi)故發生。

2.5工藝(yi)和技術的因素。施工方(fang)案設計不周；沒(mei)有(you)優(you)選；或對方(fang)案實施不力；工藝(yi)方(fang)法選用不當；使用不當；在操作中出現(xian)問(wen)題；執(zhi)行技術標(biao)準；工藝(yi)規程不力；檢查不及時；管理點沒(mei)有(you)設計好、執(zhi)行好；這類問(wen)題對工程質量、進度影響很大。

2.6資金(jin)(jin)方面的(de)因素。目(mu)前這(zhe)類問題反映較(jiao)普遍，甲方的(de)資金(jin)(jin)不到位，撥付不及(ji)時和數額不足，也有的(de)是(shi)在結算、索賠中(zhong)發生(sheng)矛盾。項目(mu)內部也有濫(lan)(lan)用資金(jin)(jin)違(wei)犯財(cai)務制度(du)，甚至有無視定額管理，濫(lan)(lan)開任務單、人(ren)工(gong)費(fei)嚴格超支(zhi)的(de)現(xian)象，嚴重地影響(xiang)施(shi)工(gong)正常(chang)進行。

3工程(cheng)現(xian)場管理的基本原(yuan)則 

3.1經濟效益(yi)最大(da)化(hua)的(de)原則。合理(li)進(jin)行建筑工(gong)程現(xian)場施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)管理(li)就(jiu)必須克服單純的(de)生產觀和進(jin)度觀, 摒棄只重(zhong)視(shi)現(xian)場施(shi)(shi)工(gong)進(jin)度的(de)做(zuo)法(fa), 而是要同時注(zhu)重(zhong)運(yun)用先進(jin)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)管理(li)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)來保證工(gong)程的(de)安全和質(zhi)量, 降低成本造(zao)價, 杜絕現(xian)場施(shi)(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)不合理(li)開支造(zao)成的(de)嚴重(zhong)浪費(fei)現(xian)象。 

3.2科(ke)學、合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)原則。在(zai)各項建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程現場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong), 都應該遵循科(ke)學合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)原則,做到既符(fu)合現代化(hua)大生(sheng)產的(de)(de)客觀要求(qiu), 又符(fu)合現場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)操作方法和(he)作業流程, 從而保(bao)證施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)安全有(you)序, 實(shi)現施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)資(zi)源的(de)(de)合理(li)(li)優(you)化(hua)配置(zhi), 充分(fen)發揮施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)人員(yuan)以及新設備和(he)新技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)巨(ju)大潛力。 

3.3規(gui)范(fan)、標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則。這(zhe)是建筑(zhu)工(gong)程現(xian)(xian)場施(shi)工(gong)技術(shu)管理所要遵循的(de)(de)(de)最為基本的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則, 以此保證各項(xiang)施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)程項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)協調有(you)序, 克服施(shi)工(gong)過程中的(de)(de)(de)主觀隨意性, 強化施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場的(de)(de)(de)服從(cong)意識, 從(cong)根本上提(ti)高現(xian)(xian)場施(shi)工(gong)技術(shu)管理的(de)(de)(de)效率和(he)效益, 建立規(gui)范(fan)、標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場秩序。

4 建筑施(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)管(guan)理的有效措施(shi)

4.1加(jia)強專業管(guan)(guan)理(li),建立完善的技術工(gong)藝、質量(liang)、設備、計劃(hua)調度,財務安全(quan)等專業管(guan)(guan)理(li)保證體系,加(jia)強現(xian)場(chang)協調作(zuo)業,發揮綜合管(guan)(guan)理(li)效(xiao)應,有效(xiao)地(di)控制(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的投入和(he)產出。均衡(heng)完善組織(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)業,實現(xian)標準(zhun)作(zuo)業管(guan)(guan)理(li)。加(jia)強基礎管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)作(zuo),做到人流(liu)、物流(liu)運行(xing)有序,信息(xi)流(liu)及時準(zhun)確(que)(que),使施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)始終(zhong)處于正常有序的可控狀態。整(zheng)治(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)環境(jing),改變施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)臟(zang)、亂、差的狀況,確(que)(que)保安全(quan)生產和(he)文(wen)明施(shi)工(gong)。

4.2加(jia)強(qiang)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)管(guan)理為(wei)(wei)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)競爭奠定基礎(chu),在(zai)當前建筑(zhu)(zhu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)競爭激烈,實行工(gong)程(cheng)招(zhao)投標制、考察建筑(zhu)(zhu)企(qi)業的(de)施(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理水(shui)平,是保證施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)和履約能(neng)力的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)手段。因此,施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)了企(qi)業形(xing)象的(de)窗口,建筑(zhu)(zhu)企(qi)業要(yao)想(xiang)擴(kuo)大市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)必須內抓(zhua)(zhua)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、外抓(zhua)(zhua)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),以(yi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)促現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),用現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)保市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),在(zai)此基礎(chu)上不(bu)斷加(jia)強(qiang)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)管(guan)理來(lai)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)我們的(de)加(jia)強(qiang)目標。

4.3加強(qiang)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理,必須(xu)明白(bai)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)核(he)心(xin)是人(ren)與人(ren)、人(ren)與物的(de)組合,所(suo)以必須(xu)加強(qiang)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)全員的(de)素質(zhi)。現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)專業及工(gong)種(zhong)和(he)崗位復(fu)雜眾多,造(zao)成現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理復(fu)雜,而施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)一切施(shi)工(gong)活動和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理工(gong)作都是由現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)人(ren)員去(qu)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian),所(suo)以要(yao)依靠現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)所(suo)有職(zhi)工(gong)的(de)積極(ji)性,創造(zao)性,共同參(can)與管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理,激發(fa)全員的(de)積極(ji)性、主(zhu)動性和(he)責(ze)任感。充分(fen)發(fa)揮其(qi)加強(qiang)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)主(zhu)體作用,重視現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)員工(gong)的(de)思想素質(zhi)和(he)技術(shu)素質(zhi)的(de)提高。

4.4加(jia)強(qiang)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場管理(li)必須以技術(shu)經(jing)濟指標為突破口,加(jia)強(qiang)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場管理(li)。質量與成本(ben)是企(qi)(qi)業的(de)生命、為提供優質廉價的(de)建筑產品,必須有嚴格的(de)現(xian)場管理(li)作為保證。否則,將影響工(gong)程質量,企(qi)(qi)業難以在市場上(shang)生存拓展(zhan),從而影響企(qi)(qi)業的(de)市場占有率(lv)和經(jing)濟效益。

4.5加強施(shi)工(gong)現場管(guan)(guan)理必(bi)須要充分發揮項(xiang)目經理、工(gong)程承包負責人(ren)在施(shi)工(gong)現場的(de)(de)主導作用,他(ta)們是責任者和(he)組(zu)織者,把(ba)他(ta)們的(de)(de)指(zhi)揮能力(li)和(he)管(guan)(guan)理生產與保證生產有效結合起(qi)來,把(ba)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)重點(dian)放在班(ban)(ban)(ban)組(zu)管(guan)(guan)理上。班(ban)(ban)(ban)組(zu)是現場管(guan)(guan)理最(zui)基本的(de)(de)重點(dian),班(ban)(ban)(ban)組(zu)的(de)(de)活動范圍在現場,工(gong)作對象也在現場,現場管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)各(ge)項(xiang)工(gong)作都是通過班(ban)(ban)(ban)組(zu)來實施(shi)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)組(zu)是施(shi)工(gong)企業現場管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)承擔(dan)者。抓好班(ban)(ban)(ban)組(zu)建(jian)設就是抓住了現場管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)核心。

5結束語

通(tong)過對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場管(guan)理(li)的具(ju)體分析，更深層次的了解到，要做好現(xian)(xian)場施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)不(bu)僅僅需(xu)(xu)要完善的管(guan)理(li)體系，還需(xu)(xu)要施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)擁有專(zhuan)業(ye)知(zhi)識(shi)團隊、專(zhuan)業(ye)管(guan)理(li)人(ren)才以及優秀(xiu)的管(guan)理(li)技(ji)能，才能不(bu)斷促進(jin)土(tu)建施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場管(guan)理(li)的可持續發展。制定(ding)嚴格的管(guan)理(li)制度，嚴格遵守管(guan)理(li)制度是必須的條(tiao)件，這樣才能有效(xiao)的開展土(tu)建施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，注重每個環節的相互配合，協調(diao)各個部(bu)門，做好土(tu)建施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場管(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作。

參考文獻：

[1]高(gao)林.施工(gong)現(xian)場管(guan)理(li)探(tan)討[J].中華建設,2011(12)

[2]劉江村.淺談施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場管理[J].甘肅建筑,2012(1)

篇3

縱觀近(jin)年來發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工程安全(quan)(quan)事故，除了(le)一些表層的(de)(de)(de)致因外，其深層次的(de)(de)(de)原因還與我國現行建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工程安全(quan)(quan)生產管理體制有關。在(zai)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)經濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)環境下，利益(yi)各方(fang)(fang)要謀求近(jin)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)利潤(run)和(he)長遠的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，承擔責任(ren)和(he)風險的(de)(de)(de)大小，應與獲(huo)利的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)少大致相協(xie)調(diao)。政(zheng)府及建(jian)(jian)(jian)設行政(zheng)主管部門應提供(gong)給市(shi)場(chang)(chang)營造平等、公平環境的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策及措施(shi)，應重視各方(fang)(fang)利益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)協(xie)調(diao)，重視經濟(ji)(ji)和(he)社(she)會協(xie)調(diao)發(fa)展，推動社(she)會全(quan)(quan)面進步。建(jian)(jian)(jian)設工程的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)生產問題直(zhi)接涉(she)及到施(shi)工企業的(de)(de)(de)利益(yi)和(he)發(fa)展，涉(she)及到參(can)與工程建(jian)(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)各方(fang)(fang)利益(yi)。顯(xian)然，解(jie)決建(jian)(jian)(jian)設安全(quan)(quan)生產存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問題，不能完(wan)全(quan)(quan)用計(ji)劃經濟(ji)(ji)體制下形成的(de)(de)(de)思(si)路和(he)辦(ban)法，要探究適(shi)應市(shi)場(chang)(chang)經濟(ji)(ji)體制的(de)(de)(de)思(si)路和(he)辦(ban)法。

一、工程(cheng)建設監理的四大(da)性(xing)質

要(yao)了解工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)監理(li)，必須(xu)先深(shen)刻認識(shi)工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)監理(li)的(de)四大性質(zhi)：

1、服務性

監理單位一旦(dan)與項(xiang)目(mu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)主簽了(le)合(he)同，就得按照監理委托合(he)同給業(ye)(ye)(ye)主提(ti)高滿意的(de)(de)服(fu)務(wu)，主要是運(yun)用規(gui)劃、控制(zhi)(zhi)、協調(diao)的(de)(de)手段，控制(zhi)(zhi)建設工(gong)程項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)投(tou)資、進度和質量(liang)，協助業(ye)(ye)(ye)主在計劃的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)目(mu)標內將工(gong)程項(xiang)目(mu)建設完成，并(bing)投(tou)入使用。

2、獨立性

工程建設監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的獨立(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)是指監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)應作(zuo)為一(yi)個獨立(li)(li)的法人機(ji)構，與(yu)項目業主(zhu)和(he)(he)承(cheng)包(bao)商沒有隸屬關系(xi)，而監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工程師應該按照建設監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的依據獨立(li)(li)開展監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)工作(zuo)。監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)的獨立(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)是公(gong)正性(xing)(xing)的基礎和(he)(he)前提，監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)單位(wei)如果沒有獨立(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)，那公(gong)正性(xing)(xing)便無從(cong)談起。

3、公正性

所謂(wei)的(de)(de)公正就(jiu)是(shi)堅持原則，按照一定的(de)(de)標準實(shi)事(shi)求是(shi)地待人(ren)處事(shi)。監理工程(cheng)師應以(yi)事(shi)實(shi)為依(yi)據，以(yi)有關法律和為準，站在第三方立場(chang)上，不偏不倚地處理爭端，既要維(wei)護(hu)業(ye)主的(de)(de)合法權(quan)益，又不能損害和侵犯承包單位的(de)(de)合法權(quan)益。

4、科學性

面對著(zhu)經驗豐(feng)富，精打細算的(de)(de)(de)(de)業主和承包商，沒有(you)過硬的(de)(de)(de)(de)道理(li)哪能(neng)讓他們(men)信服？同時(shi)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)意味(wei)著(zhu)先(xian)(xian)進，先(xian)(xian)進也就代(dai)表有(you)效益。工程(cheng)建設(she)監(jian)理(li)是為業主提(ti)供的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種高智能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術服務，要(yao)(yao)做到服務到位，就要(yao)(yao)求從事監(jian)理(li)活動遵循科(ke)(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)準則。其中，對監(jian)理(li)人員素(su)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求是科(ke)(ke)學(xue)性最根本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體現，而監(jian)理(li)人員素(su)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)高低主要(yao)(yao)取(qu)決(jue)于(yu)監(jian)理(li)工程(cheng)師(shi)素(su)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)高低。

要(yao)想搞(gao)好一(yi)項工(gong)程(cheng)建設的監理(li)工(gong)作，除了(le)有(you)稱職的監理(li)工(gong)程(cheng)師，還得做(zuo)好一(yi)協調(diao)、兩管理(li)、三控制。

二、監理范圍(wei)和授權問題

目前，很多業主(zhu)把(ba)監理(li)(li)當作(zuo)質量檢查的(de)(de)(de)工具，僅給(gei)監理(li)(li)人(ren)員授(shou)予(yu)施工階段的(de)(de)(de)質量控(kong)制權，不(bu)愿授(shou)予(yu)或部分授(shou)予(yu)監理(li)(li)投資、進度控(kong)制權(尤其是(shi)投資控(kong)制權)。業主(zhu)出于自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)慮，有些項(xiang)目，監理(li)(li)即使被授(shou)予(yu)投資控(kong)制權，在實(shi)際工作(zuo)過程中也是(shi)流于形式，離(li)真(zhen)正意(yi)義上的(de)(de)(de)“控(kong)制”還(huan)相差甚(shen)遠。但不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)授(shou)權范(fan)圍(wei)會帶來不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)監理(li)(li)效果(guo)。

(1)只授予(yu)施工(gong)(gong)階段質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)制權的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，監理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)控(kong)制質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)難(nan)度就(jiu)要(yao)高于實施全面監理(li)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。這是因(yin)為業(ye)主未授予(yu)監理(li)投資(zi)控(kong)制權，承包商拿(na)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)款不需經(jing)過監理(li)批準，不管工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)優劣(lie)都一樣能(neng)拿(na)到錢(qian)，導致監理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)也不能(neng)很有(you)效地對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)進行監控(kong)。倘若業(ye)主授予(yu)監理(li)投資(zi)控(kong)制權，只對檢驗合格的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)簽發付款通知書，監理(li)工(gong)(gong)作就(jiu)不會那(nei)么(me)吃力(li)，監理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)就(jiu)可以運(yun)用經(jing)濟手段來約束施工(gong)(gong)單位的(de)行為，從而(er)更(geng)有(you)效地保證工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)。

(2)實(shi)施局部監(jian)理的(de)(de)工(gong)程，進(jin)度控制往(wang)往(wang)不(bu)能落到實(shi)處。而工(gong)程進(jin)度加(jia)快，就(jiu)意味著業(ye)主投(tou)入的(de)(de)資金周(zhou)轉就(jiu)能加(jia)快，投(tou)資成木就(jiu)能降低(di)，從而提高投(tou)資效(xiao)益。沒有實(shi)施全面監(jian)理的(de)(de)工(gong)程，其(qi)進(jin)度往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)失控的(de)(de)，因而也就(jiu)影響了業(ye)主的(de)(de)投(tou)資效(xiao)益。

(3)實(shi)施局部監理的工程，往往會降低監理人(ren)員多(duo)提(ti)投資控制的合理化建議(yi)的積極性。

全方位、全過程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，應該(gai)是從項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可行性(xing)研(yan)究、設(she)計、施工(gong)(gong)直至項目(mu)交付使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整個(ge)過程(cheng)。然而(er)從我國(guo)現階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)狀況來(lai)看(kan)(kan)，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)還僅僅局限于施工(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)，一(yi)方面是現階(jie)段(duan)業主對(dui)(dui)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)尤其是設(she)計監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要性(xing)沒(mei)有足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識。另一(yi)方面，監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業務素質(zhi)和專(zhuan)業水(shui)平也(ye)制約著設(she)計監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全面推(tui)行。目(mu)前，從事監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人員大多是搞施工(gong)(gong)出(chu)身，對(dui)(dui)設(she)計工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)較生疏(shu)，不能勝(sheng)任設(she)計監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。另外，從目(mu)前國(guo)家有關建(jian)設(she)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關法規(gui)、規(gui)定來(lai)看(kan)(kan)，也(ye)主要是針對(dui)(dui)施工(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，對(dui)(dui)設(she)計階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)則無明確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)規(gui)范，使(shi)設(she)計監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)無章可循。設(she)計工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)建(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)中(zhong)一(yi)個(ge)極(ji)為重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)階(jie)段(duan)。設(she)計質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高低，不僅決定著項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)功能、結構安(an)全，同(tong)時也(ye)決定著項目(mu)投資效益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高低。

三(san)、工(gong)程建(jian)設監理的組織協調

它(ta)包括監(jian)理(li)(li)組織(zhi)內部的(de)(de)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)，與(yu)建設單位(wei)的(de)(de)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)，與(yu)承包單位(wei)的(de)(de)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)，與(yu)設計單位(wei)的(de)(de)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)，與(yu)政府部門及(ji)其他單位(wei)的(de)(de)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)建設監(jian)理(li)(li)中(zhong)，要保證項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)參(can)與(yu)各(ge)方(fang)面(mian)圍繞(rao)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)開展(zhan)工(gong)(gong)作，使(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)順利實(shi)(shi)現(xian)，組織(zhi)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)最為(wei)重(zhong)要、最為(wei)困難，也是(shi)監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作是(shi)否成功的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵。只有通(tong)過經濟(ji)的(de)(de)組織(zhi)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)才(cai)能使(shi)影(ying)響項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)監(jian)理(li)(li)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)的(de)(de)各(ge)個方(fang)面(mian)處于統一體中(zhong)，使(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)系統結構均衡，使(shi)監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)作實(shi)(shi)施和運行工(gong)(gong)程順利，最終實(shi)(shi)現(xian)整個系統全面(mian)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)。

四(si)、工程建設(she)監理(li)的(de)合同管理(li)和信息(xi)管理(li)。

首先建筑市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)是法(fa)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)，法(fa)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征是社會經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)行為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)性(xing)和(he)有序性(xing)，而(er)市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)性(xing)和(he)有序性(xing)是靠健(jian)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)秩序來體現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整個建設(she)過程中(zhong)，建設(she)單位(wei)(wei)與設(she)計(ji)單位(wei)(wei)、承(cheng)包單位(wei)(wei)、監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)單位(wei)(wei)和(he)設(she)備、材料(liao)供(gong)應(ying)單位(wei)(wei)等之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)行為(wei)均為(wei)合(he)同(tong)來約束和(he)規范(fan)。所以合(he)同(tong)管(guan)理(li)是工(gong)(gong)程項目(mu)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心，也是工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心。對于合(he)同(tong)管(guan)理(li)，工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)企業和(he)監(jian)(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)程師應(ying)著重做(zuo)好以下幾方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)：（1）合(he)同(tong)分(fen)析；（2）建立合(he)同(tong)目(mu)錄、編(bian)碼和(he)檔案；（3）合(he)同(tong)履行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督、檢查；（4）索賠。對我們而(er)言(yan)，需要(yao)了解和(he)掌握的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)是工(gong)(gong)程承(cheng)包合(he)同(tong)和(he)建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)。

五、工程(cheng)建設監(jian)理的三(san)項控(kong)制

三控(kong)制就是對工程項目(mu)投(tou)資、進(jin)度和質量目(mu)標。要(yao)做好工程建設監理三大目(mu)標的(de)控(kong)制，那我們就必須(xu)先(xian)了解投(tou)資者、承(cheng)包商的(de)目(mu)標是什么。

投資(zi)者――投資(zi)少、工期短、質(zhi)量(liang)好。

承包商――施工(gong)成(cheng)本＜合同額；

工期＜合同工期；

質量(liang)(liang)符合要求(qiu)的前提下，盈利多、工(gong)期短、質量(liang)(liang)好(hao)。

而投資(zi)、進度、質量三(san)大目標的關系是對(dui)立統一的。

1）三大目標之間存在對立的關系

質量投資工期

工期短投入或質量

投資項目功能質量

2）三大目標之間存在統一的關系

篇4

Abstract: in the industrial and civil building construction, the construction site quality management is particularly important. Quality management level will directly influence the industrial and civil building construction of overall quality, quality couldn't get on, so, engineering can't good economic benefit is obtained and the continuous development of it. In this paper, the industrial and civil building construction site quality management is discussed.

Key words; Industrial and civil building construction; Construction site; Quality management; measures

中圖(tu)分類號： TU721+.2 文獻(xian)標識碼：A 文章編號：

在建筑行業管(guan)理(li)中，對(dui)施工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場進(jin)行質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)是非常重(zhong)要的，施工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)水(shui)平的好壞將直(zhi)接的對(dui)工(gong)業與(yu)民(min)用建筑工(gong)程造成嚴重(zhong)的影響。當(dang)前，怎樣才(cai)能提高施工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)水(shui)平，這是負責工(gong)業與(yu)民(min)用建筑工(gong)程工(gong)作(zuo)人員急需要解決的問題，本文對(dui)工(gong)業與(yu)民(min)用建筑工(gong)程施工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)進(jin)行了(le)一番論述，以(yi)供相關人員參考(kao)。

1．當前時期，我國(guo)工(gong)業與民用建(jian)筑工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)現場質量管理存在的問題

1．1工(gong)業與(yu)民用建筑工(gong)程施工(gong)現場質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理(li)人員的素質(zhi)不高

近年來，我國工業(ye)與(yu)民(min)(min)用建筑(zhu)工程(cheng)的發展迅速，人(ren)類對其的需求越(yue)來越(yue)大，然而(er)，這其中(zhong)也存在(zai)了一(yi)個很突(tu)出的問題(ti)沒有(you)得到解決(jue)，那就是有(you)部(bu)分工業(ye)與(yu)民(min)(min)用建筑(zhu)工程(cheng)施(shi)工現場(chang)質(zhi)(zhi)量管理(li)人(ren)員的綜合素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)不高(gao)，嚴重缺乏管理(li)方(fang)面(mian)的知識(shi)，同(tong)時(shi)也不具備過高(gao)的專業(ye)知識(shi)，所以(yi)，當前對于(yu)工業(ye)與(yu)民(min)(min)用建筑(zhu)工程(cheng)而(er)言，在(zai)提高(gao)施(shi)工現場(chang)質(zhi)(zhi)量管理(li)水平的同(tong)時(shi)還要(yao)(yao)將人(ren)員的整體素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)進一(yi)步提升，這對于(yu)工程(cheng)竣工具有(you)重要(yao)(yao)的意義。

1．2工(gong)業與民(min)用建筑(zhu)工(gong)程在基礎與主體施(shi)工(gong)環節(jie)存在的問(wen)題(ti)

對于任(ren)何(he)一(yi)個(ge)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)來(lai)說，它的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎與(yu)主體(ti)施工環節在(zai)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)質(zhi)量(liang)中起到了(le)(le)決定性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)作用。當(dang)前(qian)形勢下(xia)，我國工業與(yu)民用建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)水平還(huan)不是很高，通常還(huan)存在(zai)著一(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)沒有(you)得(de)到良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)解決。比如(ru)，在(zai)實際(ji)施工過程(cheng)中，混凝(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)混凝(ning)速度通常比較(jiao)慢、鋼筋混凝(ning)土(tu)不夠(gou)硬(ying)、表層基(ji)底處理的(de)(de)(de)不夠(gou)好等問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)。而這些都屬于較(jiao)為(wei)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，如(ru)果沒有(you)將(jiang)這些問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)處理，那么就會使得(de)工業與(yu)民用建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工程(cheng)整體(ti)質(zhi)量(liang)水平進一(yi)步下(xia)降(jiang)，制約了(le)(le)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)持(chi)續(xu)發展，相關人員(yuan)應及(ji)時采取措施進行處理。

1．3工(gong)業與民用建筑工(gong)程施工(gong)現場質量(liang)管理水平低下

最近幾年時(shi)間里，我(wo)國經濟發(fa)展(zhan)速度極快的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，也進一步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)帶動了其(qi)他方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)發(fa)展(zhan)，信(xin)息(xi)化技術就(jiu)是其(qi)中一項。筆者覺(jue)得，這(zhe)屬于(yu)一種初步(bu)探索(suo)的(de)(de)(de)階段(duan)，對于(yu)它的(de)(de)(de)實際應(ying)用(yong)暫時(shi)還(huan)沒有一套完整的(de)(de)(de)體系。總(zong)體而言(yan)，就(jiu)是施工現(xian)場質(zhi)量管(guan)理水平過(guo)低(di)，工業與(yu)民用(yong)建筑工程在(zai)信(xin)息(xi)管(guan)理方(fang)面(mian)比較滯(zhi)后(hou)。通常來說，當前人(ren)們(men)采(cai)用(yong)信(xin)息(xi)管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)往往是人(ren)工手(shou)寫或(huo)者人(ren)工傳(chuan)遞(di)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)進行，這(zhe)在(zai)很大程度上使(shi)得書(shu)寫不(bu)具(ju)備規(gui)范標準性，并且(qie)實際效率也過(guo)低(di)。

2．提高我國工(gong)業與(yu)民用建筑工(gong)程施工(gong)現場制(zhi)管理(li)水(shui)平的(de)措(cuo)施

2．1將工業與民用建筑工程施工現場質(zhi)量管理人員的綜合(he)素質(zhi)全面提高

我國(guo)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)與民(min)用(yong)建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)現場在(zai)質量(liang)管(guan)理過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，有部(bu)分(fen)管(guan)理人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)綜(zong)(zong)合素(su)質不(bu)高，所以，當前的(de)(de)首要任(ren)務就是(shi)不(bu)斷培(pei)養工(gong)業(ye)(ye)與民(min)用(yong)建(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)現場質量(liang)管(guan)理人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)具有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)綜(zong)(zong)合素(su)質，在(zai)規定時(shi)間內(nei)對他們(men)進行全面(mian)的(de)(de)培(pei)訓(xun)，并且在(zai)實際培(pei)訓(xun)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中還(huan)必須要鍛煉他們(men)的(de)(de)實踐能力；培(pei)訓(xun)完畢后(hou)，應開(kai)展一(yi)次相關的(de)(de)考(kao)試，同時(shi)將(jiang)這次考(kao)試作(zuo)為(wei)管(guan)理人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)年度(du)評獎(jiang)的(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)考(kao)核的(de)(de)標準。之(zhi)所以采取(qu)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)方式(shi)(shi)，主(zhu)要目的(de)(de)還(huan)是(shi)希望(wang)進一(yi)步提(ti)高施(shi)工(gong)現場質量(liang)管(guan)理人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)綜(zong)(zong)合素(su)質。另外，在(zai)培(pei)訓(xun)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中不(bu)要以形式(shi)(shi)主(zhu)義的(de)(de)培(pei)訓(xun)方式(shi)(shi)為(wei)主(zhu)。

2．2進一步加強工(gong)業(ye)與民用建(jian)筑工(gong)程基礎(chu)與主體階段的質量管理

對(dui)于任何一(yi)項(xiang)建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程而言，具有(you)高(gao)質(zhi)量水(shui)平是(shi)非常重要(yao)的(de)，工(gong)業(ye)與民(min)用(yong)建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程也如此，只(zhi)有(you)質(zhi)量水(shui)平提高(gao)了，物質(zhi)目標的(de)實現(xian)速度才會更快，才會落實的(de)更加到(dao)位。這(zhe)在很(hen)大程度上會使得工(gong)業(ye)與民(min)用(yong)建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效益(yi)不斷提高(gao)。當前，我們可以(yi)采用(yong)宣傳的(de)方式，讓工(gong)業(ye)與民(min)用(yong)建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程施工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)質(zhi)量管理人員對(dui)基礎與主體設(she)計(ji)階段(duan)具有(you)的(de)重要(yao)性充分的(de)認識(shi)。

2．3制(zhi)定(ding)科(ke)學合理的工(gong)業與民(min)用建筑施(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)質(zhi)量管理機構

根據施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)實際情況(kuang)，其可以采(cai)用(yong)“扁平式(shi)(shi)”的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)對(dui)質(zhi)量進(jin)行管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，通過(guo)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目部門直轄施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)隊，將(jiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)層次與(yu)中間環節進(jin)一步壓縮(suo)，以此降低管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)成本的(de)(de)使用(yong)，將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)作效率(lv)全面提高。一個科(ke)學合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業與(yu)民用(yong)建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)組織在(zai)對(dui)其職位與(yu)人員的(de)(de)分配方面必須(xu)制定一個良好的(de)(de)規劃(hua)，只有這樣(yang)，質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)才(cai)會更加(jia)的(de)(de)具有科(ke)學化(hua)、理(li)(li)想(xiang)化(hua)。

2．4“事(shi)前(qian)、事(shi)中、事(shi)后(hou)”全過(guo)程質量管理

事前(qian)控制的(de)主要任務就是對可能對工程整體質量造(zao)成影響的(de)因素進行全面的(de)分析與評估，同時，制定有效的(de)措(cuo)施制止(zhi)不良因素的(de)蔓延。

事中(zhong)質(zhi)量控制(zhi)的(de)(de)主要任務是對工(gong)程人員、材料(liao)以及機(ji)械的(de)(de)使用(yong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)管理，同時還對施工(gong)過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量進(jin)行(xing)(xing)控制(zhi)；施工(gong)過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量控制(zhi)在(zai)工(gong)程的(de)(de)整體質(zhi)量管理中(zhong)是至關重要的(de)(de)，工(gong)程管理人員應(ying)充分認(ren)識到(dao)這一點。

事后質(zhi)量(liang)控制的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)任務是(shi)對(dui)隱蔽工程(cheng)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)驗收、對(dui)部分完成復檢(jian)過程(cheng)中存在的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)問題(ti)制定有效(xiao)的(de)措施進行(xing)處理，以此(ci)防止(zhi)在今后中相同事件的(de)發(fa)生。

對工程(cheng)質(zhi)量造成影響的(de)因素雖然有很(hen)多(duo)，但(dan)是(shi)只要我們重視(shi)施工現(xian)場質(zhi)量管理這一關(guan)鍵環節，相信(xin)工程(cheng)存在的(de)其他問(wen)題也(ye)會迎刃而解，工程(cheng)的(de)整體質(zhi)量水平也(ye)會不斷提高(gao)，工程(cheng)在競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈的(de)市(shi)場中就會有一席之地(di)。

3．結論

綜上所述可知；質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理是一個(ge)較為龐大的系統性工程，施(shi)(shi)工現(xian)場(chang)質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理是其中的組(zu)成部分(fen)，還(huan)有(you)(you)諸多的地方(fang)需(xu)要進一步完善(shan)，希(xi)望社會相(xiang)關人員共同(tong)努力，促進工業與(yu)民用建筑工程的施(shi)(shi)工現(xian)場(chang)質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理的發展。政府有(you)(you)關部門(men)應加強(qiang)宣傳力度，同(tong)時，施(shi)(shi)工單位(wei)的每位(wei)成員都要有(you)(you)質量意識(shi)，只有(you)(you)這樣(yang)，工程質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理水平才會更(geng)上一層臺(tai)階。

參考文獻

篇5

2提高(gao)民用建筑現場施工管理水平(ping)的對策和建議

2.1制定科學合(he)理的施(shi)工方案

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案是后期施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)活動的指引，直(zhi)接關系到整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)進度和質(zhi)量。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案是在綜合(he)分析項目(mu)地址條件(jian)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)規模、技術特點、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)器械以及經濟條件(jian)等各(ge)方(fang)(fang)面因素(su)基礎上編制而成的，科學合(he)理的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案能(neng)夠優化配置施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)源，提高(gao)人、物、財綜合(he)利用(yong)效率，提高(gao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)綜合(he)效益(yi)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位要高(gao)度重視施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案設計工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，要委托具有相(xiang)應資(zi)質(zhi)的第(di)三方(fang)(fang)設計單位負責編制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案一旦確定后，要在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中加(jia)強(qiang)監督(du)指導(dao)，確保施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)活動嚴格按照施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案推進。

2.2嚴格實行項目經(jing)理負責制

項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)在(zai)我國(guo)已實行了相當(dang)長時(shi)間，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)行業國(guo)際化發展必然趨勢。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)必須取得建(jian)造師資格(ge)證書，以保證項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)在(zai)技術(shu)、管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)和領導(dao)(dao)等方面具備(bei)良好的(de)素質(zhi)，以滿(man)足現代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)現場(chang)(chang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)發展要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。但是(shi)(shi)在(zai)實際工(gong)作中，施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)對項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)監督和約束機制(zhi)存在(zai)諸(zhu)多漏洞，導(dao)(dao)致一些(xie)不具備(bei)上崗(gang)資格(ge)的(de)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)參與項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，嚴重影(ying)響了項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)水平提高，這(zhe)種現象在(zai)當(dang)前建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)領域十分普(pu)遍。因此(ci)，當(dang)務之(zhi)急(ji)要(yao)促使施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)嚴格(ge)貫徹落實項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)負責制(zhi)，堅(jian)持持證上崗(gang)，保證項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)(li)滿(man)足施(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，切實提高施(shi)工(gong)現場(chang)(chang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)水平。

2.3加強施工現場材料管(guan)理

在建(jian)筑項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)中，建(jian)筑材(cai)料(liao)(liao)采(cai)購成本在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預算中占了相(xiang)當大的比重(zhong)，這(zhe)個(ge)比例一(yi)般在60%～70%之間，同時建(jian)筑材(cai)料(liao)(liao)質量直(zhi)接影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)到整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)質量，因此(ci)，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)管理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作十分重(zhong)要(yao)。但是在實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中，一(yi)些施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位并沒有建(jian)立完善的現(xian)(xian)場(chang)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)管理(li)制度，導致(zhi)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)堆放(fang)凌亂、材(cai)料(liao)(liao)出現(xian)(xian)損害或(huo)自然生銹、材(cai)料(liao)(liao)使用(yong)浪費(fei)嚴(yan)重(zhong)等問題，這(zhe)不僅影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)質量，也降(jiang)低了工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)效益。因此(ci)，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位要(yao)加強施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)管理(li)，建(jian)立完善的材(cai)料(liao)(liao)申(shen)領和管理(li)制度，嚴(yan)格按照管理(li)規定申(shen)領、使用(yong)和管理(li)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，有效控制材(cai)料(liao)(liao)質量和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)成本。

2.4做好(hao)工程檔案管理工作

工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)指在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)形成的各種技術、管(guan)(guan)理(li)、質量(liang)、圖紙等(deng)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，既有(you)紙質材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)也(ye)有(you)電子數據(ju)(ju)(ju)，還有(you)圖片等(deng)，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)從不(bu)同角(jiao)度反映(ying)了施(shi)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)體環節，是(shi)開(kai)展工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)驗收和質量(liang)隱患排查的重(zhong)(zhong)要信息依據(ju)(ju)(ju)。在(zai)實際中(zhong)，涉及工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)種類十(shi)分多樣(yang)化、數據(ju)(ju)(ju)容量(liang)較大，雖然一些(xie)(xie)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位建立了電子化檔(dang)案(an)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系統，但是(shi)在(zai)實際工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)由于管(guan)(guan)理(li)流(liu)程(cheng)不(bu)規范(fan)、人員不(bu)重(zhong)(zhong)視等(deng)因(yin)素影響(xiang)，導(dao)致出現一些(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)沒(mei)有(you)及時(shi)歸(gui)檔(dang)、部分重(zhong)(zhong)要數據(ju)(ju)(ju)丟失等(deng)情況，嚴重(zhong)(zhong)影響(xiang)了工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)質量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。因(yin)此，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位要高度重(zhong)(zhong)視工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，要建立一套完(wan)善的資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)歸(gui)檔(dang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)制度，切實提高檔(dang)案(an)管(guan)(guan)理(li)人員專業水(shui)平和工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)責任感，保證檔(dang)案(an)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)有(you)條不(bu)紊(wen)開(kai)展下去，為工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)提供(gong)可靠(kao)的數據(ju)(ju)(ju)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)支持(chi)。

2.5提高施工現場安全管理水平(ping)

對于建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程來說(shuo)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)十分重(zhong)要(yao)，安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)涉及(ji)(ji)防(fang)火、防(fang)電(dian)、防(fang)高空(kong)墜物、防(fang)意外(wai)人(ren)身傷害(hai)事(shi)故(gu)等，發生任何安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)事(shi)故(gu)都(dou)會(hui)給工(gong)(gong)程進度和工(gong)(gong)程預算管理(li)(li)造成(cheng)不利(li)影響。目(mu)前，建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程項目(mu)都(dou)要(yao)按照行業(ye)管理(li)(li)規定(ding)設置安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)崗(gang)位，以(yi)加強施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)。除此之(zhi)外(wai)，還要(yao)做好日常安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)檢查(cha)和安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)教育工(gong)(gong)作，要(yao)建(jian)立安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)巡查(cha)機制，安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)人(ren)員要(yao)定(ding)期(qi)巡查(cha)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)，及(ji)(ji)時發現安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)隱患并采(cai)取(qu)有效措施(shi)加以(yi)應對。同時，要(yao)加強對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)教育和培(pei)訓，通過(guo)舉辦安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)講座、發放安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)手冊、制定(ding)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)獎懲制度等方(fang)式，切實(shi)提高施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)防(fang)范意識，嚴格按照施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)(li)規定(ding)作業(ye)。

2.6提(ti)高施(shi)工現(xian)場管(guan)理人(ren)員業務素質

從(cong)近年來(lai)發(fa)生的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建筑安全事(shi)故來(lai)看(kan)，許多事(shi)故都與施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)安全管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)業務(wu)素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)低(di)有直接關系(xi)，這應該引起施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位的高(gao)(gao)度重視。項目(mu)經(jing)理(li)的團隊管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)水平(ping)、業務(wu)熟悉程(cheng)度以及遵紀守(shou)法意識(shi)都會(hui)影響到整個施工(gong)(gong)(gong)項目(mu)的進度、質(zhi)(zhi)量和效益。另外現場(chang)(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)業務(wu)素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)低(di)下(xia)也會(hui)導致(zhi)各種問題頻(pin)頻(pin)發(fa)生，嚴(yan)重影響工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)順利推進。因此(ci)，必須要加(jia)強施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)綜(zong)合業務(wu)培訓工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，通過(guo)為他們提(ti)供系(xi)統完善的培訓來(lai)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)其(qi)職業素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)，同時(shi)加(jia)大人(ren)才引入力度，將(jiang)更多專(zhuan)業性人(ren)才吸收到施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)隊伍中(zhong)來(lai)，不斷(duan)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)隊伍綜(zong)合素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)。

篇6

公用事(shi)業改革問題在近(jin)兩年多(duo)來討論(lun)的很(hen)多(duo),有研究者(zhe)認為民(min)營(ying)化是公用事(shi)業變革的世界潮流,中國也(ye)應當(dang)走這條路。筆者(zhe)不能茍同。

公用(yong)事業(ye)改(gai)革的市場(chang)化依(yi)據

傳統理(li)論認(ren)為類似公(gong)用事業等自然壟(long)斷領(ling)域(yu)是(shi)需(xu)要政府控制而不能通(tong)過市場經(jing)營的(de)(de)。這些領(ling)域(yu)通(tong)常具有(you)收(shou)益的(de)(de)非(fei)排(pai)斥性(xing)和(he)邊(bian)際消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)成本(ben)(ben)為零的(de)(de)特(te)點。非(fei)排(pai)斥性(xing)是(shi)指面對(dui)同一(yi)(yi)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)品(pin),一(yi)(yi)個人的(de)(de)享(xiang)(xiang)受不會影(ying)響也無法排(pai)斥另一(yi)(yi)個人享(xiang)(xiang)受;邊(bian)際消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)成本(ben)(ben)為零是(shi)指在一(yi)(yi)定界限內(nei),增加一(yi)(yi)定數(shu)量的(de)(de)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者(zhe)享(xiang)(xiang)受公(gong)共(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)益處無需(xu)增加任何成本(ben)(ben)。非(fei)排(pai)斥性(xing)使得公(gong)共(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)無法通(tong)過等價交(jiao)換(huan)機(ji)制在生產(chan)(chan)者(zhe)和(he)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者(zhe)之間(jian)建立起(qi)聯系;邊(bian)際消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)成本(ben)(ben)為零則(ze)使得,如果對(dui)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)品(pin)采取市場方(fang)式進行供應(ying),就會限制產(chan)(chan)品(pin)效益的(de)(de)最大發揮(hui),背離(li)經(jing)濟原則(ze)。

然(ran)而,上(shang)述情形(xing)中市(shi)場(chang)(chang)之所(suo)以(yi)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)發(fa)揮作用,只(zhi)是(shi)因為(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)定或(huo)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)定成(cheng)本過高(gao),凡是(shi)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)明確界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)定產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)領域都(dou)是(shi)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)或(huo)不(bu)宜引入市(shi)場(chang)(chang)機制的(de)。市(shi)場(chang)(chang)機制的(de)根本要求是(shi)等價(jia)交換(huan),交換(huan)的(de)內容是(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan),交換(huan)價(jia)格(ge)是(shi)人們對(dui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)力的(de)評(ping)價(jia),資源的(de)有(you)效配置(zhi)也就(jiu)是(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)力的(de)最佳利用。因此,產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)定是(shi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)交易(yi)的(de)基本前提(ti),沒有(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)定就(jiu)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)交換(huan)。自然(ran)壟斷(duan)性(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品之所(suo)以(yi)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)通(tong)過市(shi)場(chang)(chang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)配置(zhi),是(shi)因為(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)明或(huo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)能確定使得價(jia)格(ge)機制失(shi)去了對(dui)交易(yi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品進(jin)(jin)行(xing)合理(li)定價(jia)的(de)作用,無法(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)現對(dui)等的(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利交換(huan)。事(shi)實(shi)上(shang)這些(xie)行(xing)業并非(fei)完(wan)全無法(fa)(fa)(fa)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)定產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan),有(you)的(de)是(shi)可(ke)以(yi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)定產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de),問題是(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)定的(de)成(cheng)本可(ke)能太高(gao),結果無論從(cong)社會還是(shi)從(cong)個人來(lai)看都(dou)不(bu)經濟。一般說(shuo)的(de)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)失(shi)靈,與其說(shuo)是(shi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)缺陷還不(bu)如說(shuo)是(shi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)運行(xing)條件不(bu)成(cheng)熟。也就(jiu)是(shi)說(shuo),只(zhi)要能創作出(chu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)定產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)經濟辦法(fa)(fa)(fa),從(cong)理(li)論上(shang)講所(suo)有(you)事(shi)項都(dou)可(ke)以(yi)交給市(shi)場(chang)(chang)去完(wan)成(cheng)。

隨著科學技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、社(she)會分(fen)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)大和組(zu)織(zhi)機(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化,一方(fang)面削弱了(le)自然壟(long)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程度(du)和范圍,另(ling)一方(fang)面創造了(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭(zheng)領域,如路網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)造維(wei)護和運輸服(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提供(gong)、電(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設和電(dian)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)、通信網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設運營與信息服(fu)務(wu)提供(gong)商的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務(wu)等均可以(yi)(yi)分(fen)開進(jin)行,使這些(xie)以(yi)(yi)前具有(you)自然壟(long)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)性(xing)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)活(huo)動,具有(you)了(le)競爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質和特點,為多(duo)元化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業進(jin)入提供(gong)了(le)機(ji)會和條件(jian)。同時,技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)也使原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些(xie)公(gong)(gong)共物(wu)品(pin)越來(lai)越多(duo)地成(cheng)為準公(gong)(gong)共物(wu)品(pin),可以(yi)(yi)通過(guo)“產(chan)(chan)權界定”和價格機(ji)制來(lai)實(shi)現(xian)其消費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可分(fen)割(ge)性(xing),排除不付(fu)費(fei)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“搭便車”現(xian)象。例如通訊技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步,使電(dian)視收視付(fu)費(fei)成(cheng)為一件(jian)很容易的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事情(qing)。因(yin)此,公(gong)(gong)用物(wu)品(pin)可以(yi)(yi)在一定程度(du)上實(shi)現(xian)責(ze)任者與生產(chan)(chan)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)離(li),即政府有(you)責(ze)任組(zu)織(zhi)相(xiang)關設施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan),但不一定親自建(jian)設和運營,可以(yi)(yi)交由市(shi)場(chang)完(wan)成(cheng)。與此同時,技術(shu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)也使公(gong)(gong)共物(wu)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)權實(shi)施(shi)成(cheng)本降低。所以(yi)(yi),許(xu)多(duo)自然壟(long)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)用事業,具有(you)了(le)某種程度(du)市(shi)場(chang)競爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian),且現(xian)有(you)營運及管理模式(shi)日(ri)漸無法(fa)滿足新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會需求,需要(yao)通過(guo)市(shi)場(chang)化改革提高效(xiao)率。

市場(chang)化與民營化的區別

“化(hua)(hua)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)指一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)發展趨勢,一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)由量變(bian)到質變(bian)的(de)過程。民(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)化(hua)(hua)應當可以(yi)理解(jie)為(wei)(wei)在某個領(ling)域(yu)民(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資本逐步(bu)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)并(bing)最終成為(wei)(wei)主體(ti)或占據支配地位。民(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)化(hua)(hua)的(de)支持(chi)者認為(wei)(wei),民(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)化(hua)(hua)可以(yi)更好地引入(ru)市(shi)(shi)場競爭,提(ti)高(gao)公用(yong)事(shi)業領(ling)域(yu)經營(ying)(ying)(ying)效率。筆者認為(wei)(wei),放開大門允許(xu)民(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資本進(jin)(jin)入(ru)公用(yong)事(shi)業領(ling)域(yu)從事(shi)經營(ying)(ying)(ying)和民(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)化(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)根本區別的(de),公用(yong)事(shi)業改革的(de)實(shi)質是(shi)(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)場化(hua)(hua)而非(fei)民(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)化(hua)(hua)。造成誤區的(de)原因,一(yi)(yi)方面是(shi)(shi)(shi)出(chu)于對(dui)市(shi)(shi)場化(hua)(hua)的(de)認識不(bu)足,另一(yi)(yi)方面有(you)些(xie)確實(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)懂市(shi)(shi)場化(hua)(hua),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)了實(shi)現某種(zhong)目的(de),有(you)意對(dui)市(shi)(shi)場化(hua)(hua)進(jin)(jin)行曲(qu)解(jie)。曲(qu)解(jie)跟(gen)誤解(jie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)。

毫無疑問(wen),民營(ying)資本(ben)參與公用(yong)事業建(jian)設會發揮(hui)積極(ji)的(de)(de)作用(yong),一則大量(liang)民營(ying)資本(ben)的(de)(de)進入(ru)將會解決(jue)資金不足(zu)、產品或(huo)服務短缺問(wen)題。二(er)則有(you)助于形成(cheng)多元化的(de)(de)產權(quan)主(zhu)體或(huo)競爭(zheng)主(zhu)體,在(zai)一定程度上促(cu)進該領域市場機制的(de)(de)作用(yong)發揮(hui),提高效率(lv),改進產品和服務質量(liang)。然而(er),民營(ying)資本(ben)進入(ru)雖有(you)助于市場化形成(cheng),但(dan)決(jue)不是(shi)唯(wei)一的(de)(de)路徑(jing)。

首先,市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)按照市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)規則去運行,不排除任(ren)何國(guo)有(you)的成(cheng)分(fen)(fen),也(ye)不排除任(ren)何民(min)營或外資(zi)的成(cheng)分(fen)(fen),但是(shi)(shi)(shi)必(bi)須(xu)要有(you)一個原則:一定要界(jie)定政府、投資(zi)人或者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)運營者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),或者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)消費者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的責權和義(yi)務的關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi),只(zhi)要把權力和義(yi)務劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)清楚就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)。市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)一定要轉變原來企業(ye)和政府的關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi),有(you)些人比成(cheng)父子關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有(you)一個清楚的責任(ren)和權力,只(zhi)要把父子關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)改變成(cheng)合同關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi),實際上就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)的基本(ben)特(te)征(zheng)。

其(qi)次,一(yi)些(xie)學(xue)者主張借鑒西方(fang)發達國(guo)(guo)家發展公(gong)用(yong)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式,在(zai)我國(guo)(guo)實行(xing)(xing)公(gong)用(yong)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)民(min)營(ying)(ying)化(hua)(hua)。但(dan)他們忽(hu)略了(le)西方(fang)國(guo)(guo)家公(gong)用(yong)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)領(ling)域實行(xing)(xing)私有(you)(you)化(hua)(hua)或(huo)(huo)民(min)營(ying)(ying)化(hua)(hua)是在(zai)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資本(ben)(ben)占有(you)(you)相當比(bi)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下進(jin)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。事(shi)實上,時至今日那些(xie)國(guo)(guo)家公(gong)用(yong)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)領(ling)域國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資本(ben)(ben)仍占有(you)(you)很大比(bi)重,而(er)(er)相反現(xian)(xian)在(zai)我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)放程(cheng)度超過了(le)美國(guo)(guo)、德國(guo)(guo)等(deng)一(yi)些(xie)發達國(guo)(guo)家。再(zai)次,目前公(gong)用(yong)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)效(xiao)率(lv)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)是因(yin)襲了(le)舊體制(zhi)(zhi)下政(zheng)府直接管理和經(jing)營(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式,政(zheng)企(qi)不(bu)分,沒有(you)(you)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)真正意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)經(jing)營(ying)(ying),而(er)(er)不(bu)是國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資本(ben)(ben)太多(duo),也不(bu)意味著國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)一(yi)定(ding)低(di)效(xiao)率(lv)。大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)實表明,國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)一(yi)旦完(wan)成制(zhi)(zhi)度更新(xin)、機制(zhi)(zhi)轉變(bian),也將(jiang)成為充滿活力、富(fu)有(you)(you)競(jing)爭力的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)(chang)主體。競(jing)爭性領(ling)域國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)可以(yi)通過改革(ge)提升其(qi)競(jing)爭力,在(zai)公(gong)用(yong)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)領(ling)域應(ying)當也能做(zuo)到。中國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)問題,不(bu)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)多(duo)少國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)私有(you)(you)化(hua)(hua)或(huo)(huo)民(min)營(ying)(ying)化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度有(you)(you)多(duo)高,而(er)(er)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)多(duo)少企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)真正建立(li)了(le)符合(he)現(xian)(xian)代企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標準的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)力制(zhi)(zhi)衡制(zhi)(zhi)度。

民營化的消極影響

民(min)營(ying)(ying)化(hua)期望通(tong)過促進(jin)個人(ren)利益(yi)最(zui)大化(hua)以(yi)實現公(gong)共利益(yi)最(zui)大化(hua)的(de)(de)邏輯并非(fei)十分(fen)可(ke)(ke)靠。因為公(gong)用事(shi)業(ye)本身(shen)的(de)(de)自然壟(long)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)性,民(min)營(ying)(ying)化(hua)往(wang)往(wang)只(zhi)能改(gai)動“經(jing)營(ying)(ying)”而(er)(er)無法(fa)改(gai)變(bian)“壟(long)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)”這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)方式——民(min)營(ying)(ying)化(hua)的(de)(de)結果(guo)只(zhi)是(shi)將(jiang)壟(long)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)權由政府交給私人(ren)組織。如果(guo)缺乏健(jian)全的(de)(de)監(jian)管(guan)體(ti)制(zhi),民(min)營(ying)(ying)經(jing)濟控制(zhi)公(gong)共事(shi)業(ye)就極有可(ke)(ke)能造成(cheng)對公(gong)共利益(yi)的(de)(de)危害(hai)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)危害(hai)至少體(ti)現在三個方面:一(yi)是(shi)在爭奪政府授(shou)予(yu)特許權和簽(qian)訂(ding)承包合同(tong)階(jie)段的(de)(de)腐(fu)敗問題(ti);二是(shi)合同(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)之后公(gong)共服務(wu)生產(chan)過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)數量(liang)短缺、質量(liang)低劣和價格不公(gong)平問題(ti);三是(shi)不履行(xing)普遍服務(wu)義務(wu),或者提(ti)供歧(qi)視(shi)。由于(yu)諸(zhu)如自來水、電力等(deng)公(gong)用事(shi)業(ye)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)需求彈性很小,經(jing)營(ying)(ying)者完全可(ke)(ke)能通(tong)過任意提(ti)高價格以(yi)獲取壟(long)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)利潤。一(yi)旦政府介入實行(xing)價格監(jian)管(guan),有可(ke)(ke)能造成(cheng)企業(ye)因不能滿足其利潤目標而(er)(er)選擇放棄或提(ti)供低質量(liang)的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)和服務(wu)。

篇7

中圖(tu)分類號：TU24文獻標識碼： A

當(dang)(dang)前社會，隨著國(guo)民經濟的(de)(de)快速(su)發展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)人民生活水平的(de)(de)普遍提高，城市(shi)規模(mo)的(de)(de)不斷(duan)擴大(da)，使得建(jian)筑行業在我(wo)國(guo)當(dang)(dang)前形勢下飛速(su)發展(zhan)(zhan)。隨著市(shi)場競爭日趨激烈(lie)，效(xiao)益已成為各個(ge)建(jian)筑業管(guan)理(li)者、領(ling)導層追(zhui)求(qiu)的(de)(de)目(mu)標，因此，在管(guan)理(li)上(shang)要效(xiao)益成為企業家的(de)(de)共識。建(jian)筑業的(de)(de)迅(xun)速(su)發展(zhan)(zhan)，使得建(jian)筑投資力度不斷(duan)增大(da)，在這種情況下要得到(dao)最大(da)的(de)(de)效(xiao)益，必(bi)須(xu)在施工項目(mu)中嚴(yan)格管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)控制好工程的(de)(de)質(zhi)量、安全(quan)、進度以(yi)及成本。

一、民用建筑工(gong)程施工(gong)質量的制約因素

（一）、安全(quan)生產(chan)對施工質(zhi)量的(de)影響(xiang)

安全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)是控制(zhi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程質量(liang)的(de)(de)重要保證(zheng)，一個好的(de)(de)完(wan)善的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)制(zhi)度(du)(du)能夠(gou)指導(dao)并(bing)為建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施工(gong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)提供長(chang)期(qi)有效的(de)(de)保證(zheng)。為了不(bu)影響工(gong)期(qi)，在施工(gong)過程中，施工(gong)單(dan)位和建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)監理單(dan)位要根據安全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)制(zhi)度(du)(du)經常性的(de)(de)進(jin)行建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)檢查(cha)監督，健(jian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)并(bing)有效的(de)(de)實(shi)行施工(gong)管(guan)理制(zhi)度(du)(du)；同時實(shi)行文明施工(gong)的(de)(de)理念(nian)，配以相應的(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)設備和安全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理人員，認真落實(shi)各項安全(quan)(quan)(quan)審查(cha)制(zhi)度(du)(du)。

（二）、施工(gong)人員對施工(gong)質量的影(ying)響

建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量控制(zhi)中，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)(yuan)起到關鍵(jian)作用。建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)(yuan)將(jiang)影響建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)整(zheng)個項目的(de)各個環節(jie)，建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)(yuan)及管理(li)人員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)水平高(gao)低總體(ti)上決定了建筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)各環節(jie)和各分(fen)部的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量。

（三）、建筑材料對施(shi)工質量的(de)影響

要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)必(bi)須嚴格(ge)把握(wo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)。施工(gong)企(qi)業需要(yao)一批具(ju)有較好業務(wu)素質(zhi)、同時具(ju)有良好道德素質(zhi)和政治素質(zhi)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)采購(gou)人員，能夠在(zai)清(qing)晰了解建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)基(ji)本物(wu)理(li)力學性(xing)能的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)，合理(li)科(ke)學準確(que)的(de)(de)把握(wo)和選用(yong)合格(ge)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。采購(gou)人員要(yao)及時并準確(que)的(de)(de)掌握(wo)市(shi)場關(guan)于建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)最新信息，以便建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)招標時選用(yong)好的(de)(de)供(gong)貨廠家。對于購(gou)買的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，要(yao)實行(xing)嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)管理(li)制度(du)(du)，對于材(cai)料(liao)(liao)檢測不合格(ge)的(de)(de)，要(yao)嚴格(ge)剔除；合理(li)的(de)(de)安排施工(gong)進度(du)(du)并及時有準備的(de)(de)安排建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)供(gong)應，保(bao)證(zheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)能夠按期(qi)施工(gong)完(wan)成。

（四）、工程設備對施工質(zhi)量的影響

隨著現代(dai)社會經濟的飛速(su)發展，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業己(ji)經擺脫傳統由人力(li)主(zhu)導施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的時代(dai)，企業機械化程度(du)己(ji)經成為建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業競爭力(li)和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水平的重要體現。建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)過程中根據施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程實際和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管理(li)需要，提供并配套相應施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機械設備，是(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)快(kuai)速(su)高效(xiao)的保證。

二、民用建筑(zhu)施(shi)工管理(li)中常見問題(ti)

（一）、安全管理重視不足

由于施(shi)工(gong)單位管理上的(de)(de)疏忽，很多(duo)工(gong)程項(xiang)目在(zai)(zai)安全(quan)管理上存在(zai)(zai)漏洞，存在(zai)(zai)諸多(duo)安全(quan)隱患(huan)。在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場，存在(zai)(zai)部分工(gong)作(zuo)人員沒按照相關要求佩戴安全(quan)帽，臨(lin)邊(bian)洞口(kou)、樓梯、平臺(tai)邊(bian)及(ji)電梯井道安全(quan)防(fang)護(hu)不及(ji)時等，以及(ji)不嚴格參照施(shi)工(gong)標準進(jin)行施(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)業，甚至在(zai)(zai)沒有(you)安全(quan)防(fang)護(hu)措施(shi)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下工(gong)人冒險(xian)作(zuo)業，這也都是潛(qian)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)安全(quan)隱患(huan)，危害著(zhu)整個工(gong)程的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)質量，一旦發生安全(quan)事故將直接造成經濟損失。

（二）、施工現(xian)場存在環境污染(ran)問題

為了能夠確保(bao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)安全，往往要在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)場(chang)地周邊設置一些(xie)圍墻(qiang)。但(dan)是(shi)，現(xian)實中部分(fen)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)存(cun)在(zai)不(bu)完善的(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。此外，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程中機械攪拌會增加(jia)(jia)(jia)現(xian)場(chang)的(de)灰塵，一般都要采(cai)取(qu)揚塵等(deng)器械進行保(bao)護，但(dan)是(shi)有的(de)設施(shi)(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)不(bu)合格，不(bu)設置攪拌機沉淀池(chi)或不(bu)及時(shi)清理，造成(cheng)現(xian)場(chang)污(wu)水亂(luan)流，使(shi)得施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)塵土飛揚，環境受到嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)污(wu)染(ran)，威脅工(gong)人的(de)身體健康。除(chu)此之(zhi)外，由于天(tian)氣、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的(de)路面不(bu)平整、建筑垃圾未及時(shi)清理等(deng)原因(yin)，使(shi)得施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)更加(jia)(jia)(jia)混亂(luan)，在(zai)某種程度上加(jia)(jia)(jia)深了施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的(de)污(wu)染(ran)程度。

（三）、施工現(xian)場(chang)材料管理混亂

在建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工過(guo)程(cheng)中，往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)會用到(dao)(dao)很(hen)多種建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，這就對現場材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)管理(li)提出(chu)了較高要求。但是(shi)，現階(jie)段(duan)，有(you)(you)很(hen)多建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工現場存(cun)在材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)管理(li)混亂的(de)現象(xiang)，如建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)隨處亂放、歸類不(bu)合理(li)等(deng)。現場建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)管理(li)混亂往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)會導致(zhi)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)使用效率的(de)降低(di)，有(you)(you)時甚(shen)至(zhi)會出(chu)現找不(bu)到(dao)(dao)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)現象(xiang)。材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)若存(cun)放不(bu)當，往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)會降低(di)質量，有(you)(you)的(de)甚(shen)至(zhi)會出(chu)現建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)過(guo)期現象(xiang)。

（四(si)）、缺乏完(wan)善(shan)的質量(liang)管理(li)體系

在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中，很多單位都沒有建(jian)立完善的質量控(kong)制體系，工(gong)(gong)序與工(gong)(gong)序之間、工(gong)(gong)種(zhong)與工(gong)(gong)種(zhong)之間缺乏嚴格(ge)的交接檢查措(cuo)施(shi)，上一道工(gong)(gong)序留下質量隱患，后一道工(gong)(gong)序施(shi)工(gong)(gong)者處理不及時(shi)甚至忽視不管，導致發生質量問題。

（五）、工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)隊(dui)伍素質過低(di)

現階段，造(zao)成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)問題的(de)一個重要(yao)原因就是施工(gong)(gong)隊伍素質較低，在施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)違反(fan)規(gui)范要(yao)求進行(xing)作業(ye)(ye)，而且(qie)許多沒(mei)有(you)經(jing)過專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)培訓的(de)農民工(gong)(gong)涌入建筑(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)，導(dao)致無(wu)證上崗現象(xiang)普遍存在。總之，專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)技術人員的(de)缺乏使建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)規(gui)范性施工(gong)(gong)難(nan)以得到有(you)效保證。

三、民用建筑施工管理措(cuo)施

（一）、加大安全管理力度

施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程中的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理是(shi)保證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)質量、減少資(zi)金投入的(de)一(yi)個重(zhong)(zhong)要措施(shi)(shi)。做到有效(xiao)的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理首先要落(luo)實(shi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產責(ze)任(ren)制，將施(shi)(shi)工(gong)與安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)兩(liang)個方面一(yi)同落(luo)實(shi)，將安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理工(gong)作(zuo)落(luo)實(shi)到個人(ren)(ren)，保證(zheng)其有效(xiao)作(zuo)用的(de)發揮。其次，應定(ding)期(qi)對全(quan)(quan)(quan)體施(shi)(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)員進(jin)行安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產知識(shi)、崗位(wei)技能(neng)等相關(guan)方面的(de)培訓教育工(gong)作(zuo)，使全(quan)(quan)(quan)體人(ren)(ren)員能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)在(zai)思想意識(shi)上對建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)引起重(zhong)(zhong)視，并(bing)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)熟(shu)練的(de)掌握日常工(gong)程作(zuo)業中安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)知識(shi)和(he)基本的(de)操(cao)作(zuo)技術，能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)嚴格(ge)按(an)照安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)流(liu)程進(jin)行施(shi)(shi)工(gong)，時刻(ke)把建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生產施(shi)(shi)工(gong)放在(zai)首位(wei)，確保建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)。

（二）、構建和完善(shan)施工(gong)現場(chang)質量管理體系

建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)管理(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)(du)一般(ban)主要(yao)包括質量(liang)(liang)責(ze)任制(zhi)度(du)(du)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術復核(he)制(zhi)度(du)(du)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)產碰(peng)頭會議制(zhi)度(du)(du)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)檢驗制(zhi)度(du)(du)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)控制(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)(du)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)(liang)統計制(zhi)度(du)(du)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)(liang)事故(gu)上報及工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)(liang)事故(gu)處(chu)理(li)(li)等內容。在建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)監(jian)理(li)(li)單位(wei)，應(ying)根據所承擔的(de)(de)監(jian)理(li)(li)責(ze)任以及要(yao)求，應(ying)向建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)派遣相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)監(jian)理(li)(li)人員(yuan)。監(jian)理(li)(li)控制(zhi)人員(yuan)在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)要(yao)認真完(wan)成建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)檢測(ce)，重要(yao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序、項(xiang)目(mu)進行(xing)全程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)旁站，做好工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)(liang)事故(gu)的(de)(de)認定、處(chu)理(li)(li)以及工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)驗收工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。要(yao)通過構建集體監(jian)督責(ze)任制(zhi)，保證建筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)監(jian)督的(de)(de)時效性(xing)與準確性(xing)，提高房屋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)(liang)監(jian)督的(de)(de)改革力(li)度(du)(du)。

（三）、改善施工現場的環境管(guan)理

建(jian)筑(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)現場的(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)對施工(gong)(gong)人員身體健康的(de)影響至關重要，必須要采取一(yi)(yi)系列(lie)措(cuo)(cuo)施對其加(jia)以(yi)保護(hu)。在施工(gong)(gong)材料(liao)(liao)方面上，為了減(jian)少(shao)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)、加(jia)強(qiang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保護(hu)的(de)目的(de)，可以(yi)多采用一(yi)(yi)些(xie)環(huan)保建(jian)筑(zhu)材料(liao)(liao)。基于此(ci)，建(jian)筑(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位可以(yi)根據施工(gong)(gong)進度(du)和(he)施工(gong)(gong)場地條件合理調整時間(jian)，盡(jin)(jin)量降低(di)噪(zao)聲(sheng)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)，以(yi)營造一(yi)(yi)個相對安靜和(he)輕松的(de)周邊(bian)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)。除此(ci)之(zhi)外，為降低(di)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)、減(jian)少(shao)灰塵、改(gai)善(shan)建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)地的(de)空氣質量，可以(yi)對建(jian)筑(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)現場進行適當綠化，道路(lu)硬化，改(gai)善(shan)施工(gong)(gong)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)和(he)減(jian)小污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)，同(tong)時可采取經常灑水保持地而濕潤的(de)措(cuo)(cuo)施，以(yi)盡(jin)(jin)量降低(di)揚塵污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)。

（四）、要做好技術管理(li)工(gong)作

因建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具有工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝復雜性、各類項(xiang)目施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)種和班組較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)特點，在技(ji)術上做好施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管理工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作顯(xian)得(de)非常重要。首先制定切合實際的(de)(de)各項(xiang)建(jian)筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術管理制度。項(xiang)目開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前，編制好切實可行(xing)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)設計(ji)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)嚴格按照施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)設計(ji)有條不紊的(de)(de)組織(zhi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)；為了提高(gao)(gao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)和水平(ping)，建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目中(zhong)的(de)(de)革(ge)新(xin)項(xiang)目應及時加(jia)以(yi)(yi)總結提高(gao)(gao)，制成標(biao)準的(de)(de)圖紙(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)供其(qi)他施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍參考使(shi)用；另外(wai)，在建(jian)設的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)可以(yi)(yi)加(jia)大信息(xi)化(hua)技(ji)術的(de)(de)運用，如(ru)對傳統施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術或(huo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)式進行(xing)信息(xi)化(hua)改(gai)造，提高(gao)(gao)企(qi)業管理水平(ping)等。

（五）、加強對(dui)施工材(cai)料設備的管(guan)理

對材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)設備的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)是建筑施工管(guan)理(li)(li)中的(de)(de)(de)一個重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)組成部分。首先，按照設計施工的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求嚴(yan)格(ge)對建筑材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)進(jin)(jin)行驗收(shou)，按規范要(yao)(yao)求需要(yao)(yao)復(fu)試的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)必須復(fu)檢合(he)格(ge)后(hou)投入(ru)工程(cheng)使用，保證建筑材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量合(he)格(ge)；此外(wai)，材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)管(guan)理(li)(li)人員應根據(ju)具(ju)體施工進(jin)(jin)度，合(he)理(li)(li)有序的(de)(de)(de)發放建筑材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，杜絕浪(lang)費以(yi)及丟(diu)失現象的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)；另外(wai)，應做好建筑廢(fei)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)回收(shou)工作；在施工結束(shu)后(hou)，要(yao)(yao)對剩余的(de)(de)(de)建筑材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)進(jin)(jin)行分類回收(shou)，減(jian)少建筑材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)浪(lang)費和丟(diu)失，還(huan)要(yao)(yao)核對建筑材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體使用情(qing)況(kuang)以(yi)及建筑材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)利用效果等。

總之，民(min)用建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理(li)對(dui)保證整(zheng)個(ge)工(gong)程質量(liang)至關重要(yao)。因此，管(guan)理(li)人員要(yao)加強對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理(li)重要(yao)性的認識(shi)，將質量(liang)控制與管(guan)理(li)貫(guan)穿于整(zheng)個(ge)工(gong)程的全過(guo)程；通過(guo)提高(gao)施(shi)工(gong)隊伍的整(zheng)體素質、建(jian)(jian)立完善的質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)體系等措(cuo)施(shi)，保障(zhang)民(min)用建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)。

篇8

建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)現場(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，在保(bao)證施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)前提下，主(zhu)要(yao)考慮到施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)經濟、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度(du)。當前建(jian)筑(zhu)業的(de)(de)(de)快速發(fa)展(zhan)，使得施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)管理(li)及應用在建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用越(yue)來越(yue)重要(yao)，為了能夠(gou)有(you)效保(bao)證建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，不僅要(yao)完善其相關(guan)制(zhi)度(du)，采(cai)用新技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、新工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、新標準，加強(qiang)創新技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)及管理(li)方法的(de)(de)(de)運用，還要(yao)加強(qiang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)綜合素質(zhi)，做好建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中的(de)(de)(de)各項(xiang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)管理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，從(cong)而(er)有(you)效確(que)保(bao)建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)、順(shun)利進(jin)行。

一(yi)、建筑工程現場施(shi)工技術管理的意義

建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中的(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)管(guan)理(li)(li)并不是指對技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)本身進(jin)行(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)，而是對建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)要素，比如技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)裝備、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標準(zhun)、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)人才(cai)、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)信(xin)息、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)責(ze)任制及技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規程(cheng)等進(jin)行(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)。

1、技(ji)術(shu)管(guan)理工作的(de)(de)優劣(lie)很大程(cheng)度上(shang)決定(ding)了(le)工程(cheng)質量的(de)(de)好(hao)壞，從而影響了(le)企業(ye)的(de)(de)根本(ben)效(xiao)益、企業(ye)信譽乃至企業(ye)存亡的(de)(de)問(wen)題。在當今社會中(zhong)，不(bu)光要擁(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)先進的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)和設(she)備這些企業(ye)的(de)(de)實力保(bao)證，更(geng)要擁(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)科學有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)管(guan)理方法才能使企業(ye)更(geng)加穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)前進。在激烈(lie)的(de)(de)競爭(zheng)中(zhong)更(geng)加具有(you)(you)競爭(zheng)力。

2、隨著新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)工(gong)藝(yi)、新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)材料、新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)設備不斷地出現，同時承(cheng)擔的新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)工(gong)程可能(neng)(neng)結構更復雜(za)，功能(neng)(neng)更特殊，裝修更新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)穎，從而促使生產技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)水平再(zai)提高，技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)裝備再(zai)先進，技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)管理要求更高，這也(ye)就使得施工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)管理顯得更加(jia)重要。

3、建筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工有(you)其特殊性。建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)類型、樣式繁多(duo)，規模(mo)要(yao)求(qiu)各不相同，施(shi)工作業受天氣影響(xiang)較大(da)，而復雜的(de)多(duo)工種交叉施(shi)工、工序搭接較多(duo)等，在這些生產過程(cheng)中(zhong)都需要(yao)加強技術管(guan)理，進而去保證我們施(shi)工正常有(you)序地進行，以便達(da)到(dao)預期的(de)質量(liang)要(yao)求(qiu)、使用(yong)功能要(yao)求(qiu)和降低建筑(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)本(ben)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)目標。

二(er)、加強建(jian)筑工程現(xian)場施工技術(shu)管理的措施

1、加強現(xian)場施工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)建(jian)(jian)設。科(ke)學有(you)效的技(ji)(ji)術(shu)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)能(neng)夠有(you)效促進施工(gong)進度(du)(du)。提高建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施工(gong)質(zhi)量，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)單位的管(guan)理(li)人員就(jiu)必須高度(du)(du)重(zhong)視管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)建(jian)(jian)設。要在項目施工(gong)作業之(zhi)前，對工(gong)地進行(xing)全面(mian)的調(diao)查研究(jiu)，結合(he)經驗預測可能(neng)出(chu)現(xian)的細節問題，制(zhi)(zhi)定科(ke)學合(he)理(li)的規章制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)。用制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)管(guan)人管(guan)事，貫徹各項技(ji)(ji)術(shu)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，做好圖紙會審(shen)、平面(mian)圖設計、技(ji)(ji)術(shu)交底等前期管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)建(jian)(jian)設；

2、做(zuo)好(hao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)會審(shen)(shen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)需要(yao)(yao)了解(jie)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)設(she)計意(yi)圖(tu)(tu)，明(ming)(ming)白工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)關鍵位(wei)置。在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程中標之后，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)就需要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)好(hao)細致的(de)準備工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，特別是業主要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)進行設(she)計、建(jian)(jian)立(li)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)進行圖(tu)(tu)示會審(shen)(shen)，更要(yao)(yao)認真做(zuo)好(hao)審(shen)(shen)圖(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。通過會審(shen)(shen)，可以更為深刻的(de)理會到設(she)計單位(wei)的(de)設(she)計意(yi)圖(tu)(tu)所在(zai)(zai)，明(ming)(ming)確施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)(yao)點。對于設(she)計圖(tu)(tu)中存在(zai)(zai)的(de)一些(xie)問(wen)題，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)要(yao)(yao)及(ji)時提(ti)出，做(zuo)好(hao)協商工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，在(zai)(zai)保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程功能(neng)、質量的(de)情(qing)況下，解(jie)決存在(zai)(zai)的(de)一些(xie)問(wen)題。對施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項目的(de)設(she)計意(yi)圖(tu)(tu)，對施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。此外，通過審(shen)(shen)查圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)，了解(jie)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程相(xiang)關的(de)地(di)質資料，檢查設(she)計圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)是否完備齊全，總(zong)平面圖(tu)(tu)圖(tu)(tu)與施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)(tu)中的(de)相(xiang)關幾何尺(chi)寸、位(wei)置以及(ji)標高是否相(xiang)符(fu)合，建(jian)(jian)筑圖(tu)(tu)與結構、給排水、電(dian)氣等相(xiang)關專業的(de)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)是否存在(zai)(zai)自相(xiang)矛盾的(de)地(di)方。

3、完(wan)善(shan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)制(zhi)度(du)。技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)決(jue)定(ding)了(le)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量水(shui)平和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)度(du)，是(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)管(guan)理(li)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。無論是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)整體的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)還是(shi)部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)， 及時(shi)準確地進(jin)(jin)行技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作是(shi)必不可少的(de)(de)(de)(de)。建筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)向下一級的(de)(de)(de)(de)項目技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)， 項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)應向下一級的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)長(chang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)， 工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)長(chang)向施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)段技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)，這(zhe)樣一級一級緊扣的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)，使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)和(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)更加及時(shi)地明白了(le)解施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量要求與(yu)設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)圖。技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容包括： 施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求與(yu)合同的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍；設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)圖；施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)計(ji)相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)計(ji)劃、部(bu)署、方法和(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)手(shou)段；設(she)計(ji)變更；新技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)引(yin)進(jin)(jin)采(cai)用。要建立實施(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)完(wan)善(shan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)底(di)(di)制(zhi)度(du)。

三、建筑工程現場施工技術(shu)的應用

1、鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)工(gong)程施工(gong)技術的應(ying)用。鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)工(gong)程一般(ban)是在(zai)(zai)施工(gong)現場鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)場加(jia)(jia)工(gong)好(hao)后才吊運至施工(gong)現場使用。對(dui)于橫向(xiang)和縱向(xiang)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)整體面積(ji)大的骨架(jia)，可(ke)以在(zai)(zai)基礎旁(pang)邊綁扎(zha)大塊骨架(jia)，再將其整片吊入基坑內進行安裝， 對(dui)于懸空的鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)網(wang)片，在(zai)(zai)固(gu)定平(ping)行鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)網(wang)片時(shi)，可(ke)采取模板(ban)作(zuo)支架(jia)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)、螺栓固(gu)定的方法。鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)機械連(lian)(lian)接有以下幾種方法：徑(jing)向(xiang)擠壓連(lian)(lian)接、軸向(xiang)擠壓連(lian)(lian)接、 錐螺紋(wen)連(lian)(lian)接、直螺紋(wen)連(lian)(lian)接。

2、混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)包括混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)振(zhen)(zhen)搗技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)養(yang)護技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指在澆(jiao)筑(zhu)之前，應(ying)該對鋼筋和(he)(he)模板(ban)進行檢查，應(ying)保證混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)下落(luo)高度(du)小(xiao)于3m，以保證其(qi)具備混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)條(tiao)件(jian)，還(huan)應(ying)確定澆(jiao)筑(zhu)方(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)合理性。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)振(zhen)(zhen)搗技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)分(fen)為機械和(he)(he)人工(gong)振(zhen)(zhen)搗，采用(yong)(yong)插(cha)入式高頻(pin)振(zhen)(zhen)動棒與平板(ban)振(zhen)(zhen)動器結(jie)(jie)合振(zhen)(zhen)搗。振(zhen)(zhen)搗的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)使混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)能(neng)充滿模板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)個角落(luo)，使其(qi)獲得最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)均(jun)勻(yun)和(he)(he)密實度(du)。在插(cha)入振(zhen)(zhen)搗棒的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候應(ying)該使其(qi)進入下層(ceng)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)中，以免在兩層(ceng)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)中間出(chu)現縫隙。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)養(yang)護技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)自(zi)然(ran)硬化提(ti)供必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)、濕(shi)度(du)等(deng)條(tiao)件(jian)。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)結(jie)(jie)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)水泥和(he)(he)水發(fa)生(sheng)水化反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)果，在混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)完(wan)畢后初期，采取合理有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)保濕(shi)保溫等(deng)養(yang)護技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)措施(shi)。一般混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)養(yang)護時(shi)間不少于14天。

3、建筑工(gong)程屋(wu)面(mian)防(fang)水技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong).（1）科學設置分割縫。要掌握好分割縫之間的(de)(de)(de)距離(li)(li)，不能太大(da)或太小，如果超過(guo)六(liu)米(mi)就要在(zai)中間添加一(yi)個V形分割縫，而且這一(yi)縫的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度(du)(du)要有(you)保證，科學的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度(du)(du)是(shi)(shi)要達到(dao)防(fang)水層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)(du)。（2）屋(wu)面(mian)找(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)平(ping)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)。在(zai)對屋(wu)面(mian)找(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)平(ping)層(ceng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)澆(jiao)筑時，可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)利(li)用(yong)滾筒或是(shi)(shi)其(qi)他設備通(tong)過(guo)滾動、壓實(shi)以(yi)及趕動等進(jin)(jin)行(xing)壓實(shi)處理，并找(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)到(dao)合適的(de)(de)(de)找(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)平(ping)層(ceng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)抹平(ping)。（3）屋(wu)面(mian)隔(ge)離(li)(li)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)。可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)多種方式(shi)對隔(ge)離(li)(li)層(ceng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)處理，但是(shi)(shi)要依(yi)照(zhao)建筑建設的(de)(de)(de)環境與(yu)施工(gong)條(tiao)件來針對性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)。按(an)照(zhao)科學的(de)(de)(de)石灰(hui)水與(yu)泥漿比例，1：3，來填抹十毫(hao)米(mi)到(dao)二(er)(er)十毫(hao)米(mi)高(gao)，待其(qi)晾干(gan)牢(lao)固以(yi)后再涂抹二(er)(er)至三毫(hao)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)紙筋灰(hui)，這樣做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)良好效果是(shi)(shi)保持(chi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)與(yu)隔(ge)離(li)(li)高(gao)溫(wen)。

結束語

建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)為(wei)一項(xiang)系統工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，涉(she)及(ji)(ji)到(dao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)各個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)種(zhong)與專業的(de)(de)(de)互相交叉作(zuo)業。建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)場(chang)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，技(ji)(ji)術管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)及(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)用是一項(xiang)不(bu)可或缺(que)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)技(ji)(ji)術管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)及(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)用作(zuo)為(wei)整個(ge)項(xiang)目工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)核心，其管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較為(wei)復雜(za)，技(ji)(ji)術管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)及(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)好壞(huai)會(hui)直接(jie)影響到(dao)該工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)進度(du)、質量，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)資源的(de)(de)(de)使用情況。因(yin)此對建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)場(chang)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)及(ji)(ji)其應(ying)(ying)用進行分(fen)析(xi)具有(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)意義。

參考文獻：

篇9

1. 人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素：人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素主(zhu)要是(shi)指工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)經理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)素質(zhi)(zhi)、操(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)水(shui)平以及(ji)服務人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)觀念。操(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)員具備較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)水(shui)平和一絲不(bu)(bu)(bu)茍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)作(zuo)風，就會(hui)嚴(yan)格執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準和操(cao)作(zuo)規程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)等，保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。2. 材料(liao)因素：材料(liao)是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)(zhi)條件，材料(liao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎，材料(liao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)符合要求，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)也就不(bu)(bu)(bu)可能(neng)符合標(biao)(biao)(biao)準。3. 方(fang)(fang)法(fa)因素：指在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)整個建設周期內所采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)方(fang)(fang)案、工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、組(zu)(zu)織措施、檢(jian)測手段和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)(zu)織設計等。在方(fang)(fang)法(fa)上(shang)出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題往往是(shi)比較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，如制(zhi)(zhi)定了施工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)(zu)織設計，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)嚴(yan)格執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)按標(biao)(biao)(biao)準和規范施工(gong)(gong)(gong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)注(zhu)重施工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理，不(bu)(bu)(bu)制(zhi)(zhi)定切實可行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預防措施，出(chu)現問題了才去處理。特別是(shi)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正確與否，直接影(ying)響工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。

如何(he)加強現場施工(gong)質量管理

要加強強現(xian)場施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理，就要采用(yong)全(quan)面質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理手段(duan)。全(quan)面質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理是(shi)一種把專業技(ji)術、經營管(guan)理結(jie)合起(qi)來，用(yong)最經濟的(de)(de)(de)手段(duan)，生產用(yong)戶滿(man)(man)意的(de)(de)(de)產品的(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)管(guan)理活動(dong)。從(cong)全(quan)面質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)含義可見(jian)，其基本(ben)核心(xin)是(shi)強調(diao)(diao)以提高人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，保證工(gong)序(xu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，以工(gong)序(xu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)來保證產品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，由此達(da)到(dao)全(quan)面提高企業和社(she)會經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。從(cong)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場來看(kan)，推行全(quan)面質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理，首先(xian)，要認真貫徹執行“質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)第一”的(de)(de)(de)方針，提高質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)意識；其次，充分調(diao)(diao)動(dong)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場全(quan)體職工(gong)關心(xin)施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)積極性；第三，切實有效(xiao)(xiao)地(di)運用(yong)現(xian)代科學(xue)和管(guan)理技(ji)術，做好每一道(dao)工(gong)序(xu)，嚴格控制影響工(gong)序(xu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種因素。使工(gong)程項(xiang)目達(da)到(dao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)高、成本(ben)低(di)、工(gong)期(qi)短，效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)好和用(yong)戶滿(man)(man)意的(de)(de)(de)目標。

1. “三全(quan)”管(guan)理

所謂“三(san)全(quan)(quan)”管理(li)，主要(yao)是指全(quan)(quan)過程、全(quan)(quan)員(yuan)、全(quan)(quan)企業的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)。從系統觀點來(lai)看，“三(san)全(quan)(quan)”管理(li)是一個整(zheng)體，而整(zheng)體內部的(de)個體又有各自的(de)個性和相互(hu)聯系。因(yin)此(ci)，正(zheng)確理(li)解“三(san)全(quan)(quan)”的(de)內涵，對開展全(quan)(quan)面質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)具有十分重(zhong)要(yao)意義。

（1） 全過(guo)程的質量(liang)管理

指施(shi)工(gong)現場的(de)(de)全過(guo)程，從施(shi)工(gong)準備(bei)、施(shi)工(gong)實施(shi)、竣(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收直(zhi)到回訪保修的(de)(de)全過(guo)程。全過(guo)程的(de)(de)管理(li)就是對每一(yi)道工(gong)序都要有質量(liang)標準，嚴把質量(liang)關，防止不合格的(de)(de)產品流入(ru)下(xia)一(yi)道工(gong)序。

（2） 全員的質量管理(li)

要使(shi)每一(yi)道(dao)工(gong)序質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)都符(fu)合質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)標準，必然涉及每一(yi)位職工(gong)是(shi)否具有強烈的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)意識和(he)工(gong)作(zuo)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)好壞。因(yin)此，全員(yuan)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理要強調企業和(he)施工(gong)現場的(de)全體員(yuan)工(gong)用自己的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)來保證每一(yi)道(dao)工(gong)序的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。

（3）全(quan)企業(ye)的質量管理(li)

所謂(wei)“全企業”主要是從(cong)組(zu)織管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)來理(li)(li)解。在企業管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中，每(mei)一個管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)層次都有相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)質量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)活(huo)(huo)動，不同層次的(de)(de)質量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)活(huo)(huo)動的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點不同。上層側重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于決(jue)策和(he)(he)(he)協調；中層側重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于執行(xing)其質量(liang)職能(neng)；基層（一般指(zhi)施工班組(zu)） 則側重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于嚴格(ge)按技(ji)術標準和(he)(he)(he)操作規程進(jin)行(xing)施工。施工現場質量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)活(huo)(huo)動主要涉(she)及(ji)中層和(he)(he)(he)基層的(de)(de)質量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)活(huo)(huo)動。

2. 在(zai)施工中進行(xing)跟(gen)蹤檢查

建筑施工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)具有工(gong)作(zuo)量(liang)大，牽涉面廣，時間長的(de)(de)特點，因(yin)此，施工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)質(zhi)量(liang)管理(li)難度(du)大。這(zhe)就要求各級管理(li)人(ren)員嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)(de)檢查每一道工(gong)序，對于不(bu)合格(ge)的(de)(de)工(gong)序，堅決返工(gong)重做。定期召開(kai)會議，及時找出施工(gong)中(zhong)遇到的(de)(de)問題，采取措施加以改正(zheng)，對在(zai)施工(gong)中(zhong)表現(xian)優秀(xiu)的(de)(de)單位和(he)個(ge)人(ren)進行表揚和(he)獎勵(li)，表現(xian)差的(de)(de)提出批評(ping)并讓其改正(zheng)。

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中的(de)跟蹤檢(jian)查(cha)主要包括以下幾個方面：①施(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。對不(bu)同的(de)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)進行現(xian)場檢(jian)查(cha)，采取不(bu)同的(de)方法嚴格(ge)檢(jian)查(cha)，然后監理進行檢(jian)查(cha)，全(quan)部(bu)合(he)格(ge)后才能對下道(dao)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)進行施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。②工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)之間的(de)交接。尤其是隱蔽工(gong)(gong)程，事后是無法檢(jian)查(cha)的(de)，在工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)交接時，要有相應的(de)責任(ren)人的(de)簽(qian)字記錄(lu)(lu)，保(bao)留相應的(de)文字記錄(lu)(lu)。③分(fen)項工(gong)(gong)程的(de)檢(jian)查(cha)驗收。要做好(hao)這方面的(de)工(gong)(gong)作，除了做好(hao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位的(de)要求(qiu)，還應聽從監理工(gong)(gong)程師的(de)建議，及時發現(xian)問題(ti)并(bing)解決問題(ti)，不(bu)為工(gong)(gong)程留隱患(huan)。

完善(shan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位的(de)質量(liang)檢查(cha)體(ti)系，保(bao)證(zheng)其在(zai)質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)中發(fa)揮出良好(hao)的(de)作用；完善(shan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)質量(liang)的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)系，把影響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)質量(liang)的(de)所有問題都納入(ru)質量(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)范圍，重點對(dui)待重要的(de)和復(fu)雜(za)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)，特別設立質量(liang)控制點，加強控制。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中，對(dui)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程變更或(huo)圖紙修改，都應(ying)交予(yu)監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師(shi)(shi)進行審查(cha)并研(yan)究，如(ru)有必要，由監(jian)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程師(shi)(shi)變更指(zhi)令，然后方能生(sheng)效并實施(shi)。

3. 安排好交叉(cha)作業，注(zhu)重細部處(chu)理和成品保護

在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中，往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)多工(gong)(gong)種(zhong)、全方位(wei)交(jiao)叉作業，管(guan)理(li)(li)難度大。而細(xi)部(bu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)階(jie)段的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量，對實現(xian)項(xiang)目總(zong)質(zhi)量目標(biao)是(shi)至關重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)。所謂細(xi)部(bu)處理(li)(li)是(shi)指預(yu)埋鐵件(jian)、預(yu)留孔、面(mian)層等(deng)部(bu)位(wei)的(de)質(zhi)量處理(li)(li)，這(zhe)些部(bu)位(wei)都(dou)是(shi)影響(xiang)觀(guan)感質(zhi)量的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)位(wei)，體現(xian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)水(shui)平(ping)和操作技(ji)術的(de)關鍵(jian)部(bu)位(wei)，這(zhe)些細(xi)部(bu)做(zuo)好就能夠對整個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量起到畫(hua)龍點睛的(de)效果。在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)階(jie)段，除各(ge)分項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)精心組織、精心施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)外，管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)重(zhong)點應放在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)安排(pai)(pai)交(jiao)叉作業，抓好細(xi)部(bu)處理(li)(li)和成品保護上。合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)安排(pai)(pai)交(jiao)叉作業，一(yi)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)安排(pai)(pai)工(gong)(gong)序，解(jie)決好各(ge)分項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)先(xian)后順序，不影響(xiang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量；二是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)安排(pai)(pai)時間(jian)和空間(jian)，保證(zheng)各(ge)分項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)技(ji)術問歇；三是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)安排(pai)(pai)人力以保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)期。

篇10

一、關鍵節點控制法的特(te)點

1.全面性

《崗位(wei)關鍵節點(dian)表》打破崗位(wei)界(jie)限，將財務(wu)部的日常工作在一個月的時間段按(an)日依次串聯，從節點(dian)涉及的內容看(kan)，基本覆蓋了全(quan)面崗位(wei)上的全(quan)部業務(wu)。

2.確定性

《崗(gang)位關鍵(jian)節(jie)點表》從由誰在(zai)何時完成(cheng)何事，到采用何種(zhong)形式展現(xian)何種(zhong)內容，都一一進行了詳細(xi)的明確，使得各項日常工(gong)作得以明確。

3.可控性

由于(yu)《崗(gang)位關(guan)鍵節點表》對相關(guan)事項(xiang)都(dou)進行了明確(que)，財務部(bu)經理(li)依(yi)據該時間節點就可(ke)以控制財務的日常(chang)工作，不在(zai)需要“千(qian)叮嚀萬囑咐”的要數(shu)據要報表了。

4.權威性

《崗位(wei)關鍵節點(dian)表》就是財務(wu)部門的日(ri)歷，從時間的角(jiao)度看，該表充分展現了(le)(le)各(ge)個工作日(ri)的日(ri)常例行(xing)工作內容。也是各(ge)崗位(wei)必須(xu)要優先落實執行(xing)的任(ren)務(wu)，只有首先完成節點(dian)任(ren)務(wu)方可開(kai)展其(qi)他工作，從而(er)保證了(le)(le)部門業務(wu)正(zheng)常運轉。

二、關鍵節點梳理的原則

財(cai)務部門的日常管理工(gong)作基本是經常的、大量的、具體的且比較零(ling)散(san)的工(gong)作，其特點是繁(fan)、雜、小、急(ji)等。因此，關鍵(jian)節點的梳理需要(yao)我們掌握一定方法和技巧，從看似沒有規律的日常事務中尋找其內(nei)在(zai)規律，梳理過程需要(yao)遵(zun)循以下基本原則：

1.自下而上原則

財(cai)務(wu)部門(men)各(ge)崗位首先梳(shu)理單個崗位的(de)日常工作節點，然后(hou)提交財(cai)務(wu)部門(men)，財(cai)務(wu)部經(jing)理依據各(ge)崗位的(de)節點信(xin)息來梳(shu)理財(cai)務(wu)部部門(men)的(de)崗位關鍵節點。

2.抓大放小原則

抓(zhua)(zhua)關鍵節點(dian)就是要(yao)抓(zhua)(zhua)住那些(xie)涉及財(cai)務(wu)(wu)核心的(de)事務(wu)(wu)，譬(pi)如(ru)現金盤(pan)點(dian)、往來核對、收入(ru)確(que)認、納稅申報、報表編(bian)制等重要(yao)事項，對于那些(xie)日常的(de)報銷只要(yao)不跨期間(jian)就可(ke)以了，不需要(yao)納入(ru)關鍵節點(dian)進行控制。總之抓(zhua)(zhua)大放小為的(de)是抓(zhua)(zhua)住重點(dian)。

3.與時俱進原則

由于(yu)企(qi)業在(zai)發展，會(hui)(hui)計核算也(ye)必然會(hui)(hui)隨(sui)之發展，現在(zai)的重(zhong)點可能未(wei)來(lai)不(bu)(bu)再是重(zhong)點，現在(zai)的非(fei)重(zhong)點未(wei)來(lai)也(ye)有可能會(hui)(hui)成為重(zhong)點。因此，我們(men)需要(yao)保持及(ji)時更新，而不(bu)(bu)能將這(zhe)種梳理(li)定(ding)性為一錘(chui)子買賣而一成不(bu)(bu)變(bian)。

4.可預見性原則

梳(shu)理(li)(li)關鍵(jian)節點雖然是建立在(zai)現狀基礎上，從(cong)財務管理(li)(li)工作的(de)特(te)性出發，我們(men)要健全各類報表管理(li)(li)體系，為未來企業經(jing)營決(jue)策(ce)做(zuo)好鋪墊(dian)，而不(bu)是守株待兔(tu)式(shi)的(de)等待決(jue)策(ce)層(ceng)的(de)信(xin)息(xi)索取(qu)，才開始著(zhu)手信(xin)息(xi)的(de)收集。

三、關鍵節點表的編制

《關鍵(jian)節點表(biao)》主要涉及(ji)任務名稱和(he)內容、任務的執行者、任務的啟動時間、任務的交付物(wu)以及(ji)交付物(wu)的傳遞方式和(he)對象(xiang)。

任(ren)務名(ming)稱和(he)(he)內容是通過篩選取自(zi)各個(ge)崗位(wei)上(shang)報的(de)信息，任(ren)務的(de)啟動(dong)時間取決具(ju)體工作的(de)本身條件(jian)和(he)(he)時限；交付物(wu)的(de)內容和(he)(he)形式(shi)需要進行統一(yi)規范化設計(ji)，不(bu)能成了(le)“表叔”，隔三差五換款式(shi)，有悖財務工作者的(de)沉穩性。在具(ju)體形式(shi)應用(yong)上(shang)，筆者建議涉及數據(ju)計(ji)算的(de)用(yong)EXCEL編制，一(yi)般內容則可(ke)(ke)用(yong)WORD 設計(ji)，特殊情況下可(ke)(ke)以(yi)使(shi)用(yong)PPT形式(shi)。交付物(wu)在不(bu)泄密的(de)前(qian)提下，其傳遞方(fang)式(shi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)書面(mian)打印、電子郵件(jian)、手(shou)機短信、微信等方(fang)式(shi)，送(song)達對象則需要根據(ju)企業內部的(de)職責劃分(fen)來確定。

對(dui)于大(da)企業(ye)(ye)可(ke)以(yi)按業(ye)(ye)務(wu)板塊分表進行設計(ji)，如案例(li)1；對(dui)小(xiao)企業(ye)(ye)則可(ke)以(yi)采用一張簡表完成設計(ji)，如案例(li)2。

案(an)例(li)1強調過程(cheng)的(de)導向性，案(an)例(li)2 則(ze)更多強調結(jie)果(guo)。具體采用何(he)種方(fang)式部門業務自(zi)身的(de)復雜程(cheng)度和(he)管理側(ce)重(zhong)點(dian)。